Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery2022.6(1):118-124

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Citation:Li, J. M. Zhang, W. Z. Liu, S. H., et al.Dataset of the South China Sea U-boundary and the geographical names for part of the Nanhai Zhudao[J]. Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery,2022.6(1):118-124 .DOI: 10.3974/geodp.2022.01.16 .

Dataset of the South China Sea U-boundary and the Geographical Names for Part of the Nanhai Zhudao

Li, J. M.  Zhang, W. Z.  Liu, S. H.  Luo, Y.*

China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China

 

Abstract: A dataset of the South China Sea (SCS) U-boundary (1948) was obtained by extracting coordinate information for the solid-line U-boundary delineated on the Map of East Indies reported in the Chinese Science Bulletin using geographic information system technology. A dataset of the geographical names of Nanhai Zhudao (the SCS Islands) was obtained by extracting the names from the Map of East Indies (and five other maps of the SCS published in the same period). As historical data relating to national boundary delimitation in the South China Sea, the two datasets have important implications for the investigation of the delineation and evolution of China??s maritime boundary in the SCS and will serve as important historical evidence for China to protect its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the SCS.

Keywords: South China Sea U-boundary; geographic name; Map of East Indies; South China Sea Islands; South China Sea

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2022.01.16

CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2202.01.16

Dataset Availability Statement:

The dataset supporting this paper was published and is accessible through the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository at: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodb.2021.08.07.V1 or https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.11.2021.08.07.V1; https://doi.org/10.3974/geodb.2021.09.06.V1or https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.11.2021. 09.06.V1.

1 Introduction

China??s Nanhai Zhudao (the South China Sea Islands) consist of the Dongsha Islands, the Xisha Islands, the Zhongsha Islands and the Nansha Islands. China is the first to have discovered, named, and explored and exploited the South China Sea Islands and relevant waters, and the first to have exercised sovereignty and jurisdiction over them continuously, peacefully and effectively, thus establishing territorial sovereignty and relevant rights and interests in the South China Sea[1]. The South China Sea (SCS) is rich in resources and has an extremely important strategic status. Territorial sovereignty and maritime boundary delimitation in the SCS are issues involving the core interests of China. Tang et al.[2] rediscovered that on the New Map of the People??s Republic of China[3] published in 1951 (on which China??s SCS U-boundary was delineated using the solid-line national boundary symbol), the SCS came under the jurisdiction of the South-Central Administrative Region. They verified that both the solid-line and the dashed-line U-boundary were then internationally recognized methods for the delineation of national maritime boundaries and proposed the use of the ??South China Sea U-boundary?? for describing China??s maritime boundary in the SCS. Tang et al. [4] also raised the problem of the zoning of the ecological environment along the SCS U-boundary. Luo et al.[5] found another version of the national boundary delimitation in the SCS??also using the solid-line national boundary symbol??in the Map of East Indies[6] and further explained the implications of China??s sovereignty over the SCS and the SCS U-boundary. As a major medium for representing national boundaries, maps are notable evidence of the formation and evolution of the U-boundary[7]. The Map of East Indies is undoubtedly evidence for the boundary delimitation in the SCS. In this paper, based on the Map of East Indies, we provide a dataset for investigating the delineation and evolution of the U-boundary.

2 Metadata of the Dataset

The metadata of the Dataset of the SCS U-boundary and the names of the SCS Islands[13,14] is summarized in Table 1. It includes the dataset full name, short name, authors, year of the dataset, spatial resolution, data format, data size, data files, data publisher, and data sharing policy, etc.

3 Methods

Raster image of the Map of East Indies published by the Shanghai Ya Kwang Geographical Institute in 1948 in both Chinese and English[6] was digitized using ArcGIS software. Then the SCS U-boundary and the geographic names on this map were extracted into vector line data and text data. Finally, we obtained the SCS U-boundary (1948) and all the geographical names of islands, reefs, shoals, and cays on this map. Data processing is mainly composed of the following steps.

(1) Data source

The raster image of the Map of East Indies was obtained from the Library of Congress of the United States. This map is a colour map measuring 65 cm ?? 101 cm drawn at a scale of 1:6,000,000. The main map covers an area of east of 145??E, west of 95??E, south of 10??S, north of 20??N, shows Asia and Oceania, covering the entire area of the SCS[5].

(2) Geographic coordinate system

Longitudes and latitudes are indicated on the map as perpendicular parallel straight lines, with the spacing 5??. On this basis, a graticule grid covering this area was created in ArcGIS as geographic reference coordinates. The China Geodetic Coordinate System (CGCS2000) was used.

(3) Preprocessing

The northernmost latitude line indicated on the Map of East Indies is 20??N, and the

 

Table 1  Metadata summary of the Dataset of the South China Sea U-boundary and the dataset of part of the names of the South China Sea Islands

Items

Description

Dataset full name /short name

Dataset of the South China Sea U-boundary based on the Map of East Indies published by the Ya Kwang Geographical Institute in 1948/ SouthChinaSeaU_YaKwang1948

Dataset of Geographical Names of Islands from Six Maps Covering the South China Sea Published from the 1940s to 1950s/GeoNames_SouthChinaSeaIslands

Authors

Li, J. M. AAN-9018-2021, China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, jingminl@163.com

Zhang, W. Z. AAP-4127-2021, China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, zhangwz1976@foxmail.com

Liu, S. H. AAP-2902-2021, China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, 18513558076@163.com

Luo, Y. G-3354-2014, China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, geophy@vip.qq.com

Geographical region

the South China Sea Islands

Year

1940s?C1950s

Spatial resolution

1:6,000,000

Data format

.shp, .kmz, .tif, .xlsx

 

 

Data size

280 MB

 

 

Data files

The vector data of the South China Sea U-boundary (1948), a digital scan file of the original copy of the Map of East Indies (300 dpi), and a spreadsheet (.xlsx format) of all geographical names on the Map of East Indies and other five maps of the South China Sea Islands published from the 1940s to 1950s

Foundations

China Geological Survey Project (DD20191001, DD20189410)

Data publisher

Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository, http://www.geodoi.ac.cn

Address

No. 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China

Data sharing policy

 

Data from the Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository includes metadata, datasets (in the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository), and publications (in the Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery). Data sharing policy includes: (1) Data are openly available and can be free downloaded via the Internet; (2) End users are encouraged to use Data subject to citation; (3) Users, who are by definition also value-added service providers, are welcome to redistribute Data subject to written permission from the GCdataPR Editorial Office and the issuance of a Data redistribution license; and (4) If Data are used to compile new datasets, the ??ten per cent principal?? should be followed such that Data records utilized should not surpass 10% of the new dataset contents, while sources should be clearly noted in suitable places in the new dataset[15]

Communication and searchable system

DOI, CSTR, Crossref, DCI, CSCD, CNKI, SciEngine, WDS/ISC, GEOSS

 

graticules of 5?? ?? 5?? are incomplete at the north parts of the map. We added the uncomplete grids of the graticule to the northernmost latitude of 25??N. We also trimmed the image to remove the unnecessary part of the map, which is out of the graticules range of the SCS U-boundary.

(4) Map calibration

We used the graticules created in Step 2 as the reference grids for calibration and the graticule grid nodes as control points. The raster graphic obtained in Step 3 was calibrated using the Georeferencing tool of ArcGIS, and the final graticules of the raster graphic overlapped with the reference grids.

(5) Extracting U-boundary

The SCS U-boundary line was vectorized, thereby obtaining a vector file containing accurate location data for this boundary.

(6) Extracting the geographical names

The names of all islands, reefs, shoals, and cays indicated on the following six maps were compiled and compared in Table 2 and 3: (i) Map of East Indies (1948)[6]; (ii) Location Map of the SCS Islands (1:4,000,000) published by the Territorial Administration Division of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of China in 1947[7?C9]; (iii) Location Map of the SCS Islands (1:8,500,000) contained in A Brief Account of the Geography of the SCS Islands (1947)[10]; (iv) Location Map of the SCS Islands (1:9,100,000) contained in the Map of the Administrative Districts of the Republic of China (1948)[11]; (v) Map of the Hainan Island and the SCS Islands (1:10,000,000) contained in the New Maps of Chinese Provinces (1948)[12]; and (vi) Map of the SCS Islands (1:15,000,000) contained in the New Map of the People??s Republic of China (1950)[3].

4 Data Results and Validation

4.1 Data Composition

Dataset 1: This consists of a digital scan of the original copy of the Map of East Indies (.tif format) and a vector file of the SCS U-boundary (1948) (.shp and .kmz formats). The total file size is 280 MB.

Dataset 2: This includes a text table (.xlsx format) of all geographical names on the Map of East Indies and the other five maps of the SCS Islands published in the same period. The file size is 16.7 KB.

4.2 Data Products

(1) Digitized dataset of the SCS U-boundary (1948)

The Map of East Indies uses the solid-line national boundary symbol to delineate China??s maritime boundary in the SCS. The SCS Islands are all enclosed within this boundary. The names of the SCS Islands are marked using Chinese names, and four Chinese characters?????????????? (the Republic of China) are marked over the waters enclosed by the boundary[5]??that proclaim China??s sovereignty over the South China Sea. Accurate vector information of the SCS U-boundary on the Map of East Indies was obtained by vectorizing.

(2) Dataset of the names of the SCS Islands (1940s?C1950s)

The names of all islands, reefs, shoals and cays on the Map of East Indies (1948)[6] and the other five maps published in the same period are shown in Tables 2 and 3. All these geographical names (some old names) are included in the Standard Geographical Names for part of Nanhai Zhudao published by the China Geographical Names Committee under the authorization of the State Council of the People??s Republic of China in April 1983[16]. The dataset of geographic names shows that the Map of East Indies is consistent with two kinds of the Location Map of the SCS Islands. The only difference is that China??s maritime boundary in the SCS is delineated on the Map of East Indies using the solid-line national boundary symbol.

4.3 Data Validation

Map calibration was performed using the Georeferencing tool of ArcGIS. Using the graticules nodes of the pretreated raster graphic as the source control points and the graticules nodes of the CGCS2000 coordinate system as the target control points, 30 pairs of points were sampled for calibration and correction with the spline method. The final total error was of the order of magnitude 1.0 ?? 10−11. After the processing, the nodes and the longitudinal and latitudinal lines of the two graticules overlapped.

5 Discussion and Conclusion

As another representation of the map of the SCS Islands, the Map of the East Indies delineates the SCS U-boundary using the solid-line national boundary symbol and clearly

 

Table 2  List of completely consistent geographical names on the Map of East Indies and five other maps of the South China Sea Islands

No.

Names[3,6?C12]

Standard
names[16]

No.

Names[3,6?C12]

Standard
names[16]

No.

Names[3,6?C12]

Standard
names[16]

1

Dongsha Qundao

Dongsha Qundao

15

Zhongsha Qundao

Zhongsha Qundao

29

Nanwei Tan

Nanwei Tan

2

Dongsha Dao

Dongsha Dao

16

Biwei Ansha

Biwei Ansha

30

Jinghong Dao

Jinghong Dao

3

Beiwei Tan

Beiwei Tan

17

Jimeng Ansha

Jimeng Ansha

31

Bisheng Dao

Bisheng Jiao

4

Nanwei Tan

Nanwei Tan

18

Bengu Ansha

Bengu Ansha

32

Nanhua Jiao

Nanhua Jiao

5

Xisha Qundao

Xisha Qundao

19

Nansha Qundao

Nansha Qundao

33

Yuya Ansha

Yuya Ansha

6

Bei Jiao

Bei Jiao

20

Daoming Qunjiao

Daoming Qunjiao

34

Liwei Dao

Bai Jiao

7

Ganquan Dao

Ganquan Dao

21

Xiyue Dao

Xiyue Dao

35

Andu Tan

Andu Tan

8

Yongle Qundao

Yongle Qundao

22

Zong Tan

Zong Tan

36

Nantong Jiao

Nantong Jiao

9

Guanghua Jiao

Huaguang Jiao

23

Haima Tan

Haima Tan

37

Mengyi Ansha

Mengyi Ansha

10

Zhongjian Dao

(Tulaitang Dao)

Zhongjian Dao

24

Xiwei Tan

Xiwei Tan

38

Nan??an Jiao

Nan??an Jiao

11

Xuande Qundao

Xuande Qundao

25

Wan??an Tan

Wan??an Tan

39

Jianzhang Ansha

Jianzhang Jiao

12

Yongxing Dao

(Lin Dao)

Yongxing Dao

26

Yongshu Jiao

Yongshu Jiao

40

Banyue Ansha

Banyue Jiao

13

Hewu Dao

Dong Dao

27

Yinqing Qunjiao

Yinqing Qunjiao

41

Duhu Ansha

Duhu Ansha

14

Pengbo Jiao

Langhua Jiao

28

Riji Jiao

Riji Jiao

42

Zengmu Ansha

(Zhanmu Sha)

Zengmu Ansha

 

Table 3  List of inconsistent geographical names on the Map of East Indies and five other maps of the South China Sea Islands

No.

(i)[6]

(ii)[7?C9]

(iii)[10]

(iv)[11]

(v)[12]

(vi)[3]

Standard names[16]

1

Yinji Tan

Yinji Tan

Yinji Tan

Yinji Tan

Yinji Tan

Yinji Dao

Yinji Tan

2

Paihong Tan

Paihong Ansha

Paihong Tan

Paihong Tan

Paihong Ansha

Paihong Ansha

Paihong Tan

3

Bofu Ansha

-

Bofu Ansha

Bofu Ansha

-

-

Bofu Ansha

4

-

Paibo Ansha

-

-

Paibo Ansha

Paibo Ansha

Paibo Ansha

5

Nanshi

-

-

-

-

-

Huangyan Dao

(Minzhu Jiao)

6

Shuangzi Qunjiao

Shuangzi Jiao

Shuangzi Qunjiao

Shuangzi Jiao

Shuangzi Jiao

Shuangzi Jiao

Shuangzi Qunjiao

7

Zhongye Qunjiao

-

Zhongye Qunjiao

Zhongye Qunjiao

-

-

Zhongye Qunjiao

8

-

Zhongye Dao

(Didu Dao)

-

-

Zhongye Dao

(Didu Dao)

Zhongye Dao

(Didu Dao)

Zhongye Dao

9

Taiping Dao

(Chang Dao)

Taiping Dao

(Chang Dao)

Taiping Dao

(Chang Dao??

Taiping Dao

(Chang Dao)

Taiping Dao

(Chang Dao)

Taiping Dao

Taiping Dao

10

Yongdeng Ansha

Yongdeng Ansha

Yongdeng Ansha

Yongdeng Ansha

Yongdeng Ansha

-

Yongdeng Ansha

11

Zhenghe Qunjiao

Tuansha Qundao

Zhenghe Qunjiao

Zhenghe Qunjiao

(Tuansha Qundao)

Zhenghe Qunjiao

(Tuansha Qundao)

Zhenghe Qunjiao

Zhenghe Qunjiao

Zhenghe Qunjiao

12

-

Anda Jiao

-

-

Anda Jiao

Anda Jiao

Anda Jiao

13

Liyue Tan

Liyue Tan

Liyue Tan

Liyue Tan

Liyue Tan

-

Liyue Tan

14

Feixin Dao

-

Feixin Dao

Feixin Dao

Feixin Dao

Feixin Dao

Feixin Dao

15

Antang Dao

-

Antang Dao

Antang Dao

Antang Dao

Antang Dao

Antang Jiao

16

Zhongxiao Tan

-

Zhongxiao Tan

Zhongxiao Tan

Zhongxiao Tan

Zhongxiao Tan

Zhongxiao Tan

17

Xianhou Tan

-

Xianhou Tan

Xianhou Tan

Xianhou Tan

-

Xianhou Tan

18

-

Mahuan Dao

-

-

Mahuan Dao

Mahuan Dao

Mahuan Dao

19

-

Shenxian Ansha

-

-

Shenxian Ansha

-

Shenxian Ansha

20

-

Heping Ansha

-

-

Heping Ansha

-

Heping Ansha

21

-

Dongpo Jiao

-

-

Dongpo Jiao

-

Dongpo Jiao

22

-

Beiheng Jiao

-

-

Beiheng Jiao

-

Beiheng Jiao

(To be continued one the next page)

 (Continued)

Nos.

(i)[6]

(ii)[7?C9]

(iii)[10]

(iv)[11]

(v)[12]

(vi)[3]

Standard names[16]

23

-

Kongming Jiao

-

-

Kongming Jiao

Kongming Jiao

Kongming Jiao

24

-

Daxian Jiao

-

-

Daxian Jiao

Daxian Jiao

Daxian Jiao

25

-

Fulusi Jiao

-

-

Fulusi Jiao

-

Fulusi Jiao

26

-

-

-

-

Hongshi Ansha

-

Hongshi Ansha

27

Xiaoyao Ansha

-

Xiaoyao Ansha

Xiaoyao Ansha

Xiaoyao Ansha

-

Xiaoyao Ansha

28

Jindun Ansha

-

Jindun Ansha

Jindun Ansha

Jindun Ansha

-

Jindun Ansha

29

-

Nanwei Dao

Nanwei Dao

Nanwei Dao

Nanwei Dao

Nanwei Dao

Nanwei Dao

30

-

Dong Jiao

-

-

Dong Jiao

-

Dong Jiao

31

-

Xi Jiao

-

-

Xi Jiao

-

Xi Jiao

32

-

-

Aoyuan Ansha

Aoyuan Ansha

Aoyuan Ansha

Aoyuan Ansha

Aoyuan Ansha

33

Fubo Jiao

-

Fubo Jiao

Fubo Jiao

Fubo Jiao

Fubo Jiao

Fubo Jiao

34

Yunuo Dao

Yunuo Dao

Yunuo Dao

Yunuo Dao

Yunuo Dao

-

Yunuo Jiao

35

Nanhai Jiao

Nanhai Jiao

Nanhai Jiao

Nanhai Jiao

Nanhai Jiao

-

Nanhai Jiao

36

Anbo AnDao

Anbo Shazhou

Anbo Ansha

Anbo Ansha

Anbo Shazhou

Anbo Shazhou

Anbo Shazhou

37

Danwan Jiao

-

Danwan Jiao

Danwan Jiao

Danwan Jiao

Danwan Jiao

Danwan Jiao

38

Huanglu Jiao

-

Huanglu Jiao

Huanglu Jiao

Huanglu Jiao

Huanglu Jiao

Huanglu Jiao

39

Xianbin Ansha

-

Xianbin Ansha

Xianbin Ansha

Xianbin Ansha

-

Xianbin Jiao

40

Xian??e Jiao

Xian??e Jiao

Xian??e Jiao

Xian??e Jiao

Xian??e Tan

-

Xian??e Jiao

41

-

Meiji Jiao

-

-

Meiji Jiao

-

Meiji Jiao

42

-

Ren??ai Ansha

-

-

Ren??ai Ansha

Ren??ai Ansha

Ren??ai Jiao

43

Pengbo Ansha

-

Pengbo Ansha

Pengbo Ansha

Pengbo Ansha

Pengbo Ansha

Pengbo Ansha

44

-

Xinyi Ansha

-

-

Xinyi Ansha

-

Xinyi Jiao

45

Haikou Ansha

-

Haikou Ansha

Haikou Ansha

Haikou Ansha

-

Haikou Jiao

46

Zhixiang Jiao

-

Zhixiang Jiao

Zhixiang Jiao

Zhixiang Jiao

-

Zhixiang Jiao

47

-

Nanle Ansha

-

-

Nanle Ansha

Nanle Ansha

Nanle Ansha

48

-

Siling Jiao

-

-

Siling Jiao

Siling Jiao

Siling Jiao

49

-

Xiaowei Ansha

-

-

Xiaowei Ansha

-

Xiaowei Ansha

50

Haining Jiao

-

Haining Jiao

Haining Jiao

Haining Jiao

Haining Jiao

Haining Jiao

Note: ??-?? indicates that the geographic name is not used on a map, and the maps indicated by Roman numerals in the header are listed in section 3.

 

Figure 1  Map of the East Indies delineates the SCS U-boundary

indicates the national boundary delimitation in the SCS in 1948. The map clearly indicates China??s territorial sovereignty over the SCS Islands and is historical evid­ence of China??s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the SCS.

In this study, a digitized dataset of the SCS U-boundary delineated on the Map of East Indies published by the Ya Kwang Geographical Institute in 1948 was obtained (Figure 1). The geographical names on the Map of East Indies were compared with those on five other maps of the SCS Islands published in the same period, thereby obt­aining the Dataset of Geographical Names of Islands from Six Maps Covering the SCS Published from the 1940s to the 1950s.

Our results show that the following maps of the same origin in the delineation of China??s territory in the South China Sea: the Map of East Indies (published in January 1948), the Location Map of the SCS Islands contained in A Brief Account of the Geography of the SCS Islands (published in November 1947), the Location Map of the SCS Islands contained in the Map of the Administrative Districts of the Republic of China (produced in December 1947 and published in February 1948). The only difference is that China??s maritime boundary in the SCS is delineated on the Map of East Indies using the solid-line national boundary symbol. These two datasets have important implications for the investigation of the national boundary delimitation and evolution in the SCS and will serve as basic data and important evidence for research into the SCS problem.

Author Contributions

Li, J. M. formulated the overall design for the data development and collected and treated the data of the SCS U-boundary (1948). Luo, Y. extracted some of the names of the SCS Islands on the maps. Liu, S. H. and Zhang, W. Z. performed data verification. Li, J. M., Zhang, W. Z., Liu, S. H., and Luo, Y. co-authored the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

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[14]   Li, J. M., Zhang, W. Z., Liu, S. H., et al. Dataset of geographical names of islands from six maps covering South China Sea published from 1940s to 1950s[J/DB/OL]. Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3974/geodb.2021.09.06.V1. https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.11.2021.09.06.V1.

[15]   GCdataPR Editorial Office. GCdataPR data sharing policy [OL]. https://doi.org/10.3974/dp.policy.2014.05 (Updated 2017).

[16]   The State Council of the People??s Republic of China. China Committee on Geographical Names was authorized to publish standard geographical names for part of Nanhai Zhudao [J]. Gazette of the State Council of the People??s Republic of China, 1983(10): 452-463.

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