Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery2022.6(2):309-316

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Citation:Qi, D. S., Sun, J. Q., Hou, Y. S., et al.Composition of 2018 Monitoring Dataset for Przewalski gazelle in Qinghai Lake Basin[J]. Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery,2022.6(2):309-316 .DOI: 10.3974/geodp.2022.02.18 .

Composition of 2018 Monitoring Dataset for

Przewalski gazelle in Qinghai Lake Basin

Qi, D. S.1,2,3  Sun, J. Q.4  Hou, Y. S.4  Chen, K. L.1,2,3  Chen, Z. R.1,2,3*  Ma, Y. X.1,2,3

1. Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China;

2. Qinghai Normal University Key Laboratory of Natural Geography and Environmental Processes of Qinghai Province, Xining 810008, China;

3. The Key Laboratory of Surface Process and Ecological Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Qinghai- Tibet Plateau, Xining 810008, China;

4. Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration, Xining 810008, China;

 

Abstract: The Qinghai Lake Basin (97??50??E–101??20??E, 36??15??N–38??20??N) is an important natural geographic area in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and also provides ecological safety via the ??two screens and three districts?? in Qinghai Province. The basin is rich in biodiversity and is a gene pool of species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; it is also a typical area of the plateau ecosystem. This dataset mainly compiles the monitoring data of the endangered species of Przewalski gazelles in 2018 in the basin. During the non-reproductive and mating period, Przewalski gazelles were monitored with the fixed sample point partitioning straight number method. Monoculars and binoculars were used to directly count the individual Przewalski gazelles and to record their behavior seen in the field. If possible, we distinguished between male, female, and young gazelles. At the same time, we recorded the Przewalski gazelle in sample areas and at sample points, including habitat, human interference, fences, drinking water spots, etc.

Keywords: Qinghai Lake Basin; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; endangered species; Przewalski??s gazelle monitoring

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2022.02.18

CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2022.02.18

Dataset Availability Statement:

The dataset supporting this paper was published and is accessible through the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository at: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodb.2021.10.02.V1 or https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.11.2021.10.02.V1.

1 Introduction

The Przewalski gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) is an endangered ungulate endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[1] and one of the rarest endangered wild animals in the world. It generally lives in the intersecting area of desert and grassland. A desert area with an area of about 203 km2 exists near the Qinghai Lake sand Island. The area around Qinghai Lake is uninhabited and has minimal human interference, so it has become a gathering place for Przewalski gazelles[2]. Monitoring Przewalski gazelles is important for collecting infor­mation on the variations in Przewalski gazelle population and behavior and for subsequent protection[3].

 

 

  Figure 1  Przewalski gazelle in Qinghai Lake Basin

(by Chen, Z. R., in August 10, 2020??

 

 

Figure 2  Monitoring of Pu??s original gazelle

(by Chen, Z. R., in August 10, 2020??

Qinghai Lake is located in the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the area around Qinghai Lake is generally called the Qinghai Lake Basin. This area is in the arid region of northwest China at the intersection of the southwest alpine region and the eastern monsoon region. Qinghai Lake plays a pivotal role in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It provides an ecological security barrier for the northeast part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and it is also an important water body in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ecosystem[4,5]. Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve is located at the intersection of the two migration paths of waterbirds in Central Asia and East Asia, and its wetland area ranks first in China[6] . This dataset is based on monitoring samples of waterbirds, vegetation, endangered species, etc., over several years by the Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration.[7] The monitoring time was from March 2018 to February 2019, during which the Przewalski gazelle was monitored four times. By monitoring Przewalski gazelle (Figure 1, 2), we obtained the population number, population dynamics, population distribution, and population structure[8]. The monitoring data for the endangered species (Przewalski gazelle) was sorted to form the 2018 Przewalski gazelle monitoring dataset for the Qinghai Lake Basin.

2 Metadata of the Dataset

The metadata of the Procapra Przewalskii dataset collecting from 76 sample sites in Qinghai Lake Basin (2018)[9] is summarize in Table 1

3 Data Collection

To monitor Przewalski gazelle during the non-reproductive and mating periods (Table 2), we used the fixed sample point partitioning straight number method, and monoculars and binoculars were used to directly count the individual Przewalski gazelles seen in the field of view. A fixed sample was used during the lambing period. The line method for monitoring using monocular and binoculars was used to directly count the individuals and record the behavior of Przewalski gazelles seen on the transect. We distinguished between male, female, and young gazelles if possible and recorded the Przewalski gazelles at sample areas. We sampled at the same spots (Table 3) recording habitats, human interference, fences, drinking water spots, etc.

Przewalski gazelles were monitored at five sub-regions to set up 13 monitoring areas. These 13 monitoring areas cover all the habitats of the Przewalski gazelle in the Qinghai

Table 1  Metadata summary of the Monitoring dataset for Procapra Przewalskii

Item

Description

Dataset name

Procapra Przewalskii dataset collecting from 76 sample sites in Qinghai Lake Basin (2018)

Dataset short name

P.Przewalskii_Qinghai2018

Authors

Qi, D. S., Qinghai Normal University, 2964694441@qq.com

Sun, J. Q., Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration, sunjq @163.com

Hou, Y. S., Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration, 823996451 @qq.com

Chen, K. L., Qinghai Normal University, ckl7813@163.com

Chen, Z. R., Qinghai Normal University, 424142312@qq.com

Ma, Y. X., Qinghai Normal University, 346404980@qq.com

Geographical area

Qinghai Lake Basin

Year

2018

Data format

.shp, .xlsx

Data size

48.3 KB (after compression)

Dataset files

One file in .shp format and one file in .xlsx format

Foundations

Ministry of Science and Technology of P. R. China (2019QZKK0405); National Natural Science Foundation of China (41661023); Qinghai Province (2020-ZJ-Y06)

Data publisher

Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository, http://www.geodoi.ac.cn

Address

No. 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China

Data sharing policy

 

Data from the Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository includes metadata, datasets (in the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository), and publications (in the Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery). Data sharing policy includes: (1) Data are openly available and can be free downloaded via the Internet; (2) End users are encouraged to use Data subject to citation; (3) Users, who are by definition also value-added service providers, are welcome to redistribute Data subject to written permission from the GCdataPR Editorial Office and the issuance of a Data redistribution license; and (4) If Data are used to compile new datasets, the ??ten per cent principal?? should be followed such that Data records utilized should not surpass 10% of the new dataset contents, while sources should be clearly noted in suitable places in the new dataset [10]

Communication and searchable system

DOI, CSTR, Crossref, DCI, CSCD, CNKI, SciEngine, WDS/ISC, GEOSS

 

Lake Basin but do not include the two areas of Cheji and Wahyu in Gonghe county, Hainan prefecture (Table 2). In the 13 monitoring areas, 76 monitoring sample points were fixed (Figure 3), 15 fixed monitoring sample lines were set up, with a total length of 97.97 km, for a total monitoring area of 490.39 km2. The monitoring area outside the protection area was 138.42 km2, and the monitoring area outside the protection area was 351.97 km2 (Table 4).

4 Data Results

4.1 Dataset Composition

This dataset consists of two data files, one Przewalski gazelle sample geographic information system data in .shp format, and 13 worksheet data in one .xls table. The data size is 75.6 KB (compressed into two files of 48.3 KB).

 

Table 2  Monitoring time and sample area of Przewali??s gazelle population in Qinghai Lake Basin in 2018

 

Monitoring the time

Corresponding life time

Monitoring sample area (unit)

2018.3.2020218.3.25

non-breeding periods

13

2018.6.192018.6.25

non-breeding periods

13

2018.8.82018.8.16

lambing period

13

2018.12.212018.12.26

mating period

13

4.2 Data Results

4.2.1 Vegetation Types and Biomass in Active Areas of Przewalski??s Gazelle in the Qinghai Lake Basin

Vegetation types and biomass statistics of Przewalski??s gazelle active areas in Qinghai

 

Table 3  Habitat information of Przewalski??s gazelle observation sites

 

Sample area

Habitat type

Type and intensity of interference

Average altitude (m)

KuaiErMa

Mountain valley

Grazing (strong in winter and spring, weak in summer and autumn)

3,668

ShengGe

River valley beache

Grazing (strong in winter and spring, weak in summer and autumn)

3,648

Bird island

Lakeside beach

Grazing (strong in winter and spring, weak in summer and autumn)

3,207

Qinghai lake farm

Lakeside beach

Agricultural production (moderate farming period), Grazing (strong in winter and spring, weak in summer and autumn)

3,222

South of Hallgeir railway

Lakeside beach

Agricultural production (moderate farming period), Road and rail transport (mid-year)

3,221

North of Hallgeir railway

Piedmont/River valley beache

Strong agricultural production (middle agrarian stage), Road and rail transport (mid-year), Grazing (strong in winter and spring, weak in summer and autumn)

3,269

South of Ganzihe railway

Lakeside beach

Road and rail transport (mid-year), Grazing (strong in winter and spring, weak in summer and autumn)

3,227

North of Ganzihe railway

Piedmont/River valley beache

Road and rail transport (mid-year), Grazing (strong in winter and spring, weak in summer and autumn)

3,250

TaLeXuanGuo

Piedmont/River valley beache

Grazing (strong in winter and spring, weak in summer and autumn)

3,327

Sand island

Lakeside beach

Grazing (strong in winter and spring, weak in summer and autumn)

3,222

Replace with out-soil

Piedmont beach

Grazing (moderate throughout the year), Tourism (moderate in summer)

3,378

Lake east sheep farm

Piedmont beach

Grazing (moderate throughout the year), Tourism (moderate in summer)

3,344

YuanZhe

Piedmont beach

Grazing (moderate throughout the year), Tourism (moderate in summer)

3,229

 

Figure 3  Monitering sites distribution of Przewalski gazelles in Qinghai Lake Basin

Lake Basin include warm steppe, achnath­er­um splendens, stipa type, achnatherum sp­le­ndens, sand-fixing grass type in Qinghai, stipa sareptana A. K. Becker var. krylovii, Ca­rex duriuscula subsp. Stenophylloides, Sand- fi­xing grass type in Qinghai, Wh­ea­tg­rass, Warm desert grassland, Stipa breviflora, Sand-fixing grass type in Qinghai, Alpine grassland Stipa purpurea type, War­m desert, Stipa type with, Potentilla glabra Lodd, Stipa type with Potentilla glabra Lodd (Contrast) Upland meadow, Elymus nutans typeCo­ntrol), mountain meadow, Leptospira, etc. Among various vegetation types, the total biomass and edible total biomass were counted (Table 5), including grasses, sedges, legumes, edible miscellaneous grasses, and non-edible poisonous weeds, etc.

The vegetation types of Przewalski??s gazelle active area in Qinghai Lake Basin include alpine grassland and warm steppe type warm desert, among which the available area is more than 95% of the total area (Table 6). Overall, the edible biomass, available biomass and available fresh grass are sufficient. The edible biomass and available biomass and available fresh grass amount of alpine meadow were less than those of warm grassland, which were related to vegetation type, altitude and plant growth cycle. There is a certain subjective influence of animal capacity on the basis of edible biomass, available biomass and available fresh grass, which is related to local nomadic life and economic development of local herdsmen.

 

Table 4  Setting of Przewalski??s gazelle sample point and line transect

 

Distribution area

Monitoring sample area

Sample

Sample setting (km)

Division of protected areas

Monitoring

area (km2)

Lake east

Yuanzhe

 5

24.69 (4 strips)

Outside the reserve

40.83

Lake east sheep farm

 6

38.18

Replace with out-soil

 4

20.5

Sand island

Sand island

 7

8.37 (1 strips)

Buffer, Core, Test area

30.95

Region of Hallgeir- ganzi river

South of Ganzihe railway

 9

28.17 (5 strips)

Buffer, Core, Test area

48.63

North of Ganzi river railway

12

Outside the reserve

43.28

Hallgeir railway south

 5

Buffer, Core, Test area

53.17

Hallgeir railway north

10

Outside the reserve

48.29

TaLeXuanGuo

 3

4.32 (1 strips)

Outside the reserve

15.29

Qinghai lake farm

 8

6.95 (1 strips)

Buffer, Core, Test area

51.15

Bird island

Bird island

 2

6.49 (1 strips)

Buffer,Core

13.04

Tianjun

KuaiErMa

 2

7.62 (1 strips)

Outside the reserve

63.59

ShengGe

 3

11.37 (1 strips)

Outside the reserve

23.49

Total

13 sample areas

76 sample points

97.97 (15 strips)

   

490.39

 

Table 5  Vegetation types and biomass in active areas of Przewalski's gazelle in the Qinghai Lake Basin

Vegetation form

Total biomass (kg/hm2)

Total edible biomassb (kg/hm2)

Vegetation type (kg/hm2)

Gramineous

Cyperaceae

Legumes

Edible miscellaneous weeds

Inedible poisonous weeds

Warm steppe

1,894.1

 1,730.46

1,245.5

92

  137.4

 255.56

  163.64

Achnatherum splendens, Stipa type

1,490.5

1,357.3

1,157.5

 0

 37

162.8

 133.2

Achnatherum splendens, Sand-fixing grass type in qinghai

3,195

3,015

3,000

 0

 10

 5

180

Stipa sareptana A. K. Becker var. krylovii, Carex duriuscula subsp. stenophylloides

1,235

1,110

  240

400

 50

420

125

Sand-fixing grass type in qinghai

1,950

1,950

1,570

  0

 90

290

  0

Wheatgrass

1,600

1,120

  260

 60

500

400

380

Warm desert grassland

  677.5

640

  520

 25

 15

80

  37.5

Stipa breviflora, Sand-fixing grass type in qinghai

  677.5

640

  520

 25

 15

80

  37.5

Alpine grassland

2,000

1,920

1,400

  190

  180

 150

   80

 

Stipa purpurea type

2,000

1,920

1,400

  190

  180

 150

   80

 

Warm desert

1,230

1,110

   390

   60

  410

 250

  120

 

Stipa type with

Potentilla glabra 

Lodd

1,830

1,620

  460

   50

  820

 290

  210

 

Stipa type with

Potentilla glabra

Lodd (contrast)

 630

 600

320

70

0

210

30

Alpine grassland

2,000

1,920

1,400

190

 180

 150

 80

Stipa purpurea type

2,000

1,920

1,400

190

 180

 150

 80

Alpine grassland

2,000

1,920

1,400

190

 180

 150

 80

Stipa purpurea type

2,000

1,920

1,400

190

 180

 150

 80

Warm desert

1,230

1,110

390

60

 410

 250

120

(To be continued on the next page)

 (Continued)

Vegetation form

Total biomass??kg/hm2??

Total edible biomass??kg/hm2??

Among??kg/hm2??

Gramineous

Cyperaceae

Legumes

Edible miscellaneous weeds

Inedible poisonous weeds

Stipa type with

Potentilla glabra 

Lodd

1,830

1,620

460

50

820

290

210

Stipa type with

Potentilla glabra

Lodd (contrast)

630

600

320

70

0

210

30

Upland meadow

4,430

4,180

3,000

0

970

210

250

Elymus nutans type

4,430

4,180

3,000

0

970

210

250

Average

1,912.54

1,775.66

1,211.59

89.55

259.27

215.25

136.88

 

Table 6  Vegetation types and biomass in active areas of Przewalski??s gazelle in the Qinghai Lake Basin

 

Activity area

vegetation form

Area (hm2)

Available area (hm2)

Edible biomass (kg/hm2)

Available biomass (kg/hm2)

Total amount of available fresh grass (kg)

Stocking capacity (sheep unit)

ShengGe

Alpine grassland

 4,975

 4,756

2,060

1,648

 7,788,448

 9,272

KuaiErMa

Alpine grassland

 5,926

 5,630

1,780

1,424

 8,017,120

 9,544

Bird Islet

Warm steppe

 2,932

 2,873

2,820

2,256

 6,282,960

 7,480

Qinghai lake farm

Warm steppe

 4,656

 4,563

4,180

3,344

1,5258,672

18,165

Hallgeir, ganzi river

Warm steppe

25,502

24,992

 875

 700

17,494,400

20,827

TaLeXuanGuo

Warm steppe

 3,036

 2,975

1,120

 896

 2,665,600

  3,173

Sand island

Warm steppe

 4,843

 4,746

3,015

2,412

1,1447,352

13,628

Lake east

Warm desert

27,063

21,650

1,653.65

  1,322.92

2,8641,218

34,097

Replace with out-soil

Warm desert

 3,560

3,321

1,110

 777

 7,886,620

  8,250

4.2.2 Monitoring Results of Przewalski??s Gazelle Population

Due to the living habits of the Przewalski gazelles, the structure and composition of the population vary over the year. Therefore, according to the living habits of the Przewalski gazelle, the monitoring in 2018 was divided into four periods (Table 7): Monitoring was carried out during the breeding and non-breeding periods of the Przewalski gazelle, lambing period, mating period; that is, during the lambing period in August, when the female antelope is just lambing, and the female antelope and the young gazelle move separately in groups (apart from the males). December is the estrus period and is also the mating period, when the female antelope and the male antelope are active in groups. From early March to late June is the non-reproductive period, when the female antelope and the male antelope are

 

Table 7  Przewalski??s gazelle population in 2018.

Observational sample area

Non-breeding period

Breeding stage

mean

Early March

Later June

Lamb period August

Relationship period December

Guilma Township

 72

 83

  49

  1

 51

Shengge township

100

 26

 116

 89

 83

Qinghai Lake Farm

 84

106

 216

 80

122

North of the Halge Railway

768

323

1,278

798

792

South of the Halge Railway

215

553

 157

342

317

North of Ganzi River Railway

190

207

 176

125

175

South of Ganzi River Railway

334

148

 551

163

299

Tareo fruit

 42

  1

  27

  0

 18

Sand island

125

 37

  72

 83

 79

Tori-shima

 48

 25

  42

 19

 34

Yuan

 42

 17

  23

  1

 21

Kot??

 29

  7

   0

 29

 16

Earth

  8

 13

  86

 13

 30

Total

2,057

1,546

2,793

1,743

2,035

active in groups. The survey of the population of Przewalski gazelles in 2018 counted 2,057 animals in the early non-breeding period, 1,546 in the late period, 2,793 in the lambing period, and 1,743 in the estrus period. The average annual number was 2,035 (Table 8).

 

Table 8  Statistics of Przewalski??s gazelle structure in 2018

Observational sample area

Total
individual

Male

Female

Young antelope (including subadult)

Number of individuals

Specific value

Number of individuals

Ratio

Number of individuals

Ratio

Guilma Township

 49

  4

 8%

 27

55%

 18

37%

Shengge township

116

 15

13%

 59

51%

 42

36%

Yuan

 23

  2

 9%

 12

52%

  9

39%

Kot??

  0

  0

 0%

  0

 0%

  0

 0%

The earth

 86

  7

 8%

 49

57%

 30

35%

Sand island

 72

 14

19%

 35

49%

 23

32%

South of Ganzi River Railway

551

133

24%

251

46%

167

30%

North of Ganzi River Railway

176

 44

25%

 80

45%

 52

30%

South of the Halge Railway

157

 82

52%

 22

14%

 53

34%

North of the Halge Railway

1,278

272

21%

724

57%

282

22%

Qinghai Lake Farm

216

 31

14%

145

67%

 40

19%

Tareo fruit

 27

  8

30%

 11

41%

  8

30%

Tori-shima

 42

  4

10%

 31

74%

  7

17%

Total

2,793

616

22%

1,446

52%

731

26%

 

 

The population structure of the Przewalski gazelle is as follows: for monitoring, the male, female, and young Przewalski gazelles were distinguished. The statistics showed males accounted for 22% (616), females accounted for 52% (1446), and 26% were young gazelle (731) in the overall population structure of Przewalski gazelle. Compared with 2017, the proportion of males increased by 1%, females increased by 1%, and young gazelles rose by 1%. The overall population structure was more reasonable. Ideally, the population structure should be maintained at about 60% compared with females, which still has a certain potential impact on the overall population structure.

Figure 4  Population of Przewalski gazelles in the Qinghai Lake Basin over the years

Comparing the average values of the data obtained by monitoring four times per year shows that the population remained at 700 from 2011 to 2012, increased from 2013 to 2014 to over 1,000, and from 2016 to 2017 the number further increased to 1,300. From 2017 to 2018 it could be seen an increase of 760 animals for a total of 1,300 animals. This result showed that the population of Przewalski gazelles has been restored in recent years and the protection measures have produced results. In the August 2018 lambing survey, the population of Przewalski gazelles was 2,793, which is the highest number since monitoring began (Figure 4).

5 Discussion and Summary

The monitoring results showed that the population structure of Przewalski gazelles was more reasonable. Males accounted for 22% (616 animals), females 52% (1,446 animals), and young antelopes 26% (731 animals). The proportions of male and female antelopes increased by 1%. In 2018, a total of 2,035 Przewalski gazelles was counted within a monitoring range of 490.39 km2 around the lake (excluding Wahyu and Cheji) (average of four monitorings throughout the year). The population of Przewalski gazelles has increased significantly, with an increase of 760 in 2018 compared with 2017, and an increase of 1,287 compared with 748 in 2010??The total increase was nearly threefold over nine years.

The expansion of the habitat area is one likely reason for the increase in the population of the Przewalski gazelle. The habitat area was 437.96 km2 before 2016 and is now 490.39 km2, expanded by 52.43 km2. The expansion of the habitat area is mainly manifested in the three distribution areas of Qinghai Lake Farm, Hargai, and Shadao. The habitat area of Ganzihe, Hudong, and Tianjun has remained stable, while the area of Bird Island has decreased. The habitat area of Hargai, Shadao, and Qinghai Lake farms has expanded, but the corresponding protection measures have not kept up. We therefore recommend the implementation of protective measures such as lowering and removing iron mesh fencein newly expanded habitats and establishing new passageways and drinking-water points. The rise of the water level of Qinghai Lake in the bird island distribution area has led to a reduction of Przewalski gazelle on the bird island, and the shortage of herbivores in winter has led to a decline in the population. In view of these two problems, we recommend the instauration of habitat restoration and supplementary feeding in the winter.

Statistics on interference factors of habitats found that all habitats have different degrees of interference factors. Farming and agricultural production in the Hargey distribution area and road and rail transport are the main interference factors. In the Hudong distribution area, the development of sheep breeding and Yuanzhe tourism activities are the main interference factors, and grazing in other distribution areas is the main interference factor in these areas. Based on the results of this survey combined with the management of protected areas, we select different protection measures for different areas. The choice of measures and the effective management of natural resources in the protected area are inseparable from the production and life of the community. Therefore, when implementing protective measures, we must consider ecological protection and community livelihood development.

Author Contributions

Qi, D. S. and Chen, Z. R. design the dataset development; Chen, K. L., Hou, Y. S., Ma, Y. X. and Wang, X. Y. collected and processed the data; Chen, Z. R., et al. wrote the data paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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