Dataset of Glaciers Changes in the Northern Hemisphere in the Past 2000 Years

Ren, P. J.^*  Yu, W. S.  Xu, B. Q.  Zhang, X. L.  Li, J. L.

State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Abstract: Global climate change has a significant impact on the glacier. Glaciers record the climate change in the global on a century, millennium, and even longer time scales, which is of great significance to the study of climate change. Glaciers in the northern hemisphere cover a large area and are mainly distributed in the Tibetan Plateau, the Alps, Greenland, Alaska, and other places. The dataset of glaciers changes in the northern hemisphere in the past 2,000 years was reconstructed based on temperature or the coupling relationship between temperature and precipitation, oxygen isotopes in air bubblies of ice core, and the linkage of ??glacier-lake??. The temporal resolution of the data is one year. The dataset is archived in .shp, .docx, and .xlsx data formats, and consists of 10 data files with a data size of 136 KB (Compressed into one single file with 87.6 KB). The results show that under the influence of climate change, glaciers in different regions of the northern hemisphere have experienced advanced or retreated in different periods in the past 2,000 years. On the whole, however, it shows that all glaciers have had a retreat trend during the last several decades.

Keywords: glaciers; climate change; Tibetan Plateau; the Alps; Greenland

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2022.03.03

CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2022.03.03

Dataset Availability Statement:

The dataset supporting this paper was published and is accessible through the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository at: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodb.2022.02.01.V1 or https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.11.2022.02.01.V1.

1 Introduction

Glaciers are the largest reservoir of fresh water on earth. It is estimated that the total amount of glaciers account for 2% of the global water and about 80% of the global available fresh water^[1]. Glaciers are not only the driving factor of global climate change but also record the climate information on the century, millennium, and even longer time scale. It is particularly sensitive to global climate change and is of great significance to reveal its response to global climate change^[2]. Glaciers in the northern hemisphere have retreated under the influence of global warming. Reconstructing the glaciers changes in the northern hemisphere in the past 2,000 years can better understand the glaciers changes on the scale of the past millennium and the impact of climate change on glaciers changes, and provide data support for revealing the response of modern glaciers to climate change and studying global climate change. Because of this, this dataset of changes of 22 glaciers in the northern hemisphere in the past 2,000 years were reconstructed, including 8 glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau, 1 glacier in Siberia, 1 glacier in the Alps, 3 glaciers in Alaska, 8 glaciers in Greenland and 1 glacier in Rocky Mountain (Figure 1). The main methods are temperature or the coupling relationship between temperature and precipitation, oxygen isotopes in air bubbles of ice core, and linkage of ??glacier-lake??.

Figure 1  Location of reconstructed 22 glaciers in the northern hemisphere

(1-Dasuopu Glacier, 2-Malan Glacier, 3-Dunde Ice Cap, 4-Longxiazailongba Glacier, 5-Qiangyong Glacier, 6-Glacier in the upper reaches of Lake Aksai-chin, 7-No.2 Glacier in Mt. Qomolangma, 8-Depchangdak Glacier, 9-Belukha Glacier, 10-Colle Gnifetti Glacier, 11-Eclipse Icefield, 12-Logan Glacier, 13-Agassiz Ice Cap, 14-Devon Ice Cap, 15-Renland Glacier, 16-Austfonna Ice Cap, 17-Windy Ice Cap, 18-Akademii Nauk Ice Cap, 19-Top Glacier of Greenland, 20-Crete Glacier, 21-Lomonosovfonna Glacier, 22-Beartooth Plateau Glacier)

2 Metadata of the Dataset

The metadata of the Dataset of glaciers change in the northern hemisphere during the past 2,000 years^[3] are summarized in Table 1. They include the dataset full name, authors, data year, temporal resolution, data format, data size, data publisher, and data sharing policy, etc.

3 Methods

3.1 Raw Data

The raw data include the published stable isotope record of ice core and accumulation data. Meanwhile, the stable isotope record of ice core and accumulation data, element in lake sediment data, and stable isotopes data in air bubbles of ice core in this study were used. Whether published data or the raw data of this study, the study methods and processes of these raw data are similar. The specific process is as follows: (1) drilling ice cores from glaciers; (2) cutting the ice core into pieces from top to bottom in the laboratory; (3) the

Table 1  Metadata summary of the Dataset of glaciers changes in northern hemisphere during the past 2,000 years

stable isotope composition of ice core fragments and the stable isotope composition of ice core wrapped gas were determined by stable isotope mass spectrometer; (4) retrieving the ice core accumulation data by stable isotope record of the ice core.

The study method and process of the lake sediments data in this study are as follows: (1) drilling sediment core from lakes; (2) cutting the lake sediment core into pieces from top to bottom in the laboratory; (3) quantitative analyzing the Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, and Fe using a Thermo X-7 inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer^[5].

3.2 Data Processing

The 22 glaciers changes in the northern hemisphere in the past 2,000 years were reconstructed based on the coupling relationship between temperature and precipitation, oxygen isotopes in air bubbles of ice core, and linkage of ??glacier-lake??. The dataset format refers to Solomina et al.^[6].

The coupling relationship of ??temperature + precipitation?? is mainly based on: when the temperature decreases and the precipitation increases, the glaciers advance; On the contrary, when the temperature increases and the precipitation decreases, the glaciers melt. If there is only a temperature series, the temperature increase corresponds to glaciers melting, and the temperature decrease corresponds to glaciers?? advance.

Oxygen isotopes in air bubbles of ice core that measure the isotope value of gas which was drilled from ice core, and then reconstruct the temperature change history. The stronger the glaciers melting, the easier the isotope exchange between glaciers and gas, resulting in the gas isotope being lower. Therefore, the period of the negative value of oxygen isotopes in air bubbles of ice core indicates the period of glacier advances, and the period of the positive value indicates the period of glacier retreat.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of the Linkage of ??glacier-lake??. Linkage of ??glacier-lake?? is that the difference (∆ age) between the sedimentary age of proglacial lake sediments and the sporopollen ¹⁴C age in the same layer is a good index to reflect the intensity of glaciers ablation ^[7]. On the premise that the atmospheric dry and wet deposition remains unchanged, the old atmospheric dust deposited in the glaciers is released with the strengthening of glaciers melting and flows into the lake deposition, corresponding to the warmer climate period; When the glacier melts weakly or the glacier advances, the bedrock is pushed to flow into the lake, increasing of bedrock contribution, which corresponds to the colder climate period. Therefore, the indexes and elements are standardized to obtain the dominant elemental PC1 contribution time series of old atmospheric dust and 6 major (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, and Fe) and 26 traces (Li, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cd, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U) elements in bedrock, to indicate the changes of glaciers.

Information about the reconstructed glaciers changes dataset is shown in Table 2.

4 Data Results and Validation

4.1 Data Composition

The formats of the dataset of glaciers changes in the northern hemisphere in the past 2,000 years are .shp, .docx and .xlsx, including 22 glaciers names, geographical regions, advancing or retreating periods, and other elements (Table 3, 4??.

4.2 Data Products

4.2.1 Coupling Relationship between Temperature and Precipitation

The glaciers changes are reconstructed according to the coupling relationship between temperature and precipitation. It is found that the advanced periods of Dasuopu Glacier in

Figure 2  Linkage of ??glacier-lake?? showing accumulated of old pollen in ablation area and its release to proglacial lake through meltwater (refer to Zhang et al.^[7])

Table 2  Summary of relevant information of the dataset of glaciers changes in the northern hemisphere in the past 2,000 years

Mount Shishapangma were 1851-1857, 1870-1875, 1883-1890, 1908-1915, and 1966-1973, and the retreated periods were 1848-1851, 1862-1870, 1875-1883, 1890-1903, 1915-1966, 1973-1980 and 1985-1994, specially since 1915, the melting of the glacier has shown an increasing trend (Figure 3). Using similar methods, 16 glaciers were reconstructed, including Malan Glacier, Dunde Ice Cap, Belukha Glacier, Colle Gnifetti Glacier, Eclipse Icefield, Logan Glacier, Agassiz Ice Cap, Devon Ice Cap, Renland Glacier, Austfonna Ice Cap, Windy Ice Cap, Akademii Nauk Ice Cap, Top Glacier in Greenland, Crete Glacier, Lomonosovfonna Glacier, and Beartooth Plateau Glacier (see the dataset file for details).

Table 3  Periods of glaciers advances

4.2.2 Oxygen Isotopes in Air Bubbles of Ice Core

The temperature records of the past 3,600 years were reconstructed using the oxygen isotopes in air bubbles of the ice core in the Longxiazailongba Glacier (Figure 4). It can be seen that there were three periods of glacier advances (1600 B.C.-400 B.C., 100-300 A.D., 1200-1900 A.D.) and three periods of glacier retreats (400 B.C.-100 A.D., 300-1200 A.D., 1900 A.D. to the present).

Table 4  Periods of glaciers retreats

4.2.3 Linkage of ??Glacier-Lake??

The change of Qiangyong Glacier was reconstructed by using the linkage of ??glacier–lake??. It can be seen that the periods of glacier advances were 560 B.C.-100 A.D., 600-800 A.D., 1050-1850 A.D., and the periods of glacier retreats were 100-600 A.D., 850-1050 A.D., 1850 A.D. to the present (Figure 5). Similar methods are used to reconstruct the changes in the West Kunlun Glacier, Depchangdak Glacier and No.2 Glacier in Mt. Qomolangma (see the dataset file for details).

Figure 3  Reconstruction of the Dasuopu Glacier changes based on the coupling relationship between temperature and precipitation

(Notes: a. The black line represents the ??¹⁸O anomaly of ice core (??¹⁸O_ice Anomaly) derived from the Dasuopu Glacier, the purple line represents the temperature of the northern hemisphere (NH Temperature); b. the accumulation anomaly of the ice core in Dasuopu Glacier. Strength of the glacier melt: the darker the pink and the stronger the glacier melt, the darker the green and the stronger the glacier accumulation)

5 Discussion and Conclusion

Climate change on a long-timescale was recorded in the glaciers. They are not only significantly affected by global climate change, but also have a significant impact on global climate change. It is of great scientific significance to reveal the mechanism of climate change. This dataset inverses the changes of 22 glaciers in the northern hemisphere in the past 2,000 years, and reveals the response of glaciers to climate change based on temperatureor the coupling relationship between temperature and precipitation, oxygen isotopes in air bubbles of ice core, linkage of ??glacier-lake??. From the results, the dataset reflects the fluctuating changes in advanced and retreated of 22 glaciers in the recent 2,000 years. However, the glacier changes in the past 2,000 years present a retreated process generally. This dataset provides reference and support for the study of glaciers changes and climate change. It is of great significance to reveal the interaction between climate change and glaciers.

Author Contributions

Yu, W. S. and Xu, B. Q. designed the algorithms of dataset, and modified the data paper; Ren, P. J. wrote the data paper, made and sorted out the dataset; Zhang, X. L. and Li, J. L. collected basic data.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figure 4  Reconstruction of the Longxiazailongba Glacier changes based on the oxygen isotope in air bubblies of the ice core derived from the Longxiazailongba Glacier

(Notes: The green represents the periods of glacier advances; the pink represents the period of glacier retreats)

Figure 5  Reconstruction of the Qiangyong Glacier changes based on the PC1 of elements of the sediment derived from the Qiangyong Lake using the linkage of ??glacier-lake??

(Notes: The green shadows represent the periods of glacier advances; the pink shadows represent the periods of glacier retreats; the blue arrow represents the glacier advances, and the red arrow represents the glacier retreats)

References

[1]      Miao, Q. L., Jiang, Z. H., Chen, H. S., et al. Modern climatology [M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2010.

[2]      Xie, Z. C., Liu, C. H. Introduction to Glaciology [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science Popularization press, 2010.

[3]      Ren, P. J., Yu W.S., Xu, B. Q., et al. Dataset of glaciers changes in northern hemisphere during the past 2000 years [J/DB/OL]. Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3974/ geodb.2022.02.01.V1. https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.11.2022.02.01.V1.

[4]      GCdataPR Editorial Office. GCdataPR data sharing policy [OL]. https://doi.org/10.3974/dp.policy.2014.05 (Updated 2017).

[5]      Zhang, X. L., Xu, B. Q., Li, J. L., et al. Late-Holocene fluctuations of monsoonal Qiangyong Glacier, southern Tibetan Plateau [J]. Holocene, 2021, 21: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836211003209.

[6]      Solomina, O. N., Bradley, R. S., Jomelli, V., et al. Glacier fluctuations during the past 2000 years [J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2016, 149: 61-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.008.

[7]      Zhang, J. F., Xu, B. Q., Turner, F., et al. Long-term glacier melt fluctuations over the past 2500 yr in monsoonal High Asia revealed by radiocarbon-dated lacustrine pollen concentrates [J]. Geology, 2017, 45(4): 359-362. https://sci-hub.se/10.1130/G38690.1.

[8]      Thompson, L. G., Yao, T. D., Mosley-Thompson, E., et al. A high-resolution millennial record of the South Asian Monsoon from Himalayan ice cores [J]. Science, 2000, 289: 1916–1919.

[9]      Wang, N. L., Thompson, L. G., Davis, M. E., et al. Influence of variations in NAO and SO on air temperature over the northern Tibetan Plateau as recorded by ??¹⁸O in the Malan ice core [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2003, 30: 2167.

[10]    Eichler, A., S. Olivier, K. Henderson, K., et al. Temperature response in the Altai region lags solar forcing [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2009, 36: L01808. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035930.

[11]    Bohleber, P., Erhardt, T., Spaulding, N., et al. Temperature and mineral dust variability recorded in two low-accumulation Alpine ice cores over the last millennium [J]. Climate of the Past, 2018, 14(1): 21–37. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-21–2018.

[12]   Yalcin, K., Wake, C. P. Anthropogenic signals recorded in an ice core from Eclipse Icefield, Yukon Territory [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28: 4487–4490.

[13]   Moore, G. W. K., Holdsworth, G., Alverson, K. Climate change in the North Pacific region over the past three centuries [J]. Nature, 2002, 420: 401-403. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01229.

[14]   Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M., Reeh, N. Holocene Climatic Records from Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, NWT, Canada [J]. Holocene, 1995, 5: 19–24.

[15]   Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M. Signal and noise in four ice-core records from the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, Canada: details of the last millennium for stable isotopes, melt and solid conductivity [J]. Holocene, 1994, 4: 113–120.

[16]   Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M. Some aspects of climatic change in the High Arctic during the Holocene as deduced from ice cores [J]. Quaternary Climatic Change Symposium, 1979, 33: 349–371.

[17]   Fisher, D. A. Comparison of 100,000 years of oxygen isotope and insoluble impurity profiles from the Devon Island and Camp Century ice cores [J]. Quaternary Research, 1979, 11: 299–304.

[18]   Holme, C., Gkinis, V., Lanzky, M., et al. Varying regional ??¹⁸O-temperature relationship in high-resolution stable water isotopes from east Greenland [J]. Climate of the Past, 2019, 15: 893–912. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-893-2019.

[19]   Saksson, E., Divine, D., Kohler, J., et al. Climate oscillations as recorded in Svalbard ice core ??¹⁸O records between 1200-1997 AD [J]. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 2005, 87(1): 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.2005.00253.x.

[20]   Kinnard, C., Zdanowicz, C. M., Fisher, D. A., Reconstructed changes in Arctic Sea ice over the past 1450 years [J]. Nature, 2011, 479(7374): 509–512. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10581.

[21]   Clausen, H., Gundestrup, N., Johnsen, S., et al. Glaciological investigations in the Cr??te area, Central Greenland: a search for a new deep-drilling site [J]. Annals of Glaciology, 1988, 10: 10-15. DOI: 10.3189/S0260305500004080.

[22]   Alley, R. B. The younger dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland [J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2000, 19: 213–226.

[23]   Clausen, H. B., Gundestrup, N. S., Johnsen, S. J., et al. Glaciological Investigations in the Crete area, central Greenland: a search for a new deep-drilling site [J]. Annals of Glaciology, 1988, 10: 10–15.

[24]   Divine, D., Isaksson, E., Martma, T., et al. Thousand years of winter surface air temperature variations in Svalbard and northern Norway reconstructed from ice-core data [J]. Polar Research, 2011, 30(1): 73–79. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v30i0.7379.

[25]   Chellman, N. J., Pederson, G. T., Lee, C. M., et al. High elevation ice patch documents Holocene climate variability in the northern Rocky Mountains [J]. Quaternary Science Advances, 2021, 3: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2020.100021.