Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery2023.7(1):94-101

[PDF] [DATASET]

Citation:Li, X. Y., Sun, J. Q., Chen, Y. R., et al.Monitoring Dataset on Waterbirds in Qinghai Lake Basin (2021?2022)[J]. Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery,2023.7(1):94-101 .DOI: 10.3974/geodp.2023.01.13 .

Monitoring Dataset on Waterbirds in Qinghai Lake Basin (2021-2022)

Li, X. Y.1,2,3  Sun, J. Q.4  Chen, Y. R.1,2,3  Chen, K. L.1,2.,3*

1. School of Geographical Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China;

2. Key Laboratory of Natural Geography and Environmental Processes, Xining 810008, China;

3. Qinghai Lake Wetland Ecosystem National Positioning Observation Station, Haibei 812200, China;

4. Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration, Xining 810008, China

 

Abstract: The Qinghai Lake basin is located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is a gene pool of bird species in the Tibetan Plateau, as well as one of the typical areas of the plateau ecosystem. The authors conducted post-breeding monitoring of waterbirds at 26 sample sites in the basin in August 2021 and August 2022. The dataset includes: (1) location data of 26 monitoring sample sites; (2) basic information of waterbird monitoring areas; (3) late breeding monitoring data of waterbirds in Qinghai Lake basin; (4) dominant species assessment of waterbirds; (5) photos of waterbirds. The dataset is archived in .xlsx, .shp, .jpg and .docx formats, and consists of 16 data files with 19.4 MB (Compressed into 1 file with 19.3 MB).

Keywords: Qinghai Lake basin; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; waterfowl breeding; 2021; 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2023.01.13

CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2023.01.13

Dataset Availability Statement:

The dataset supporting this paper was published and is accessible through the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository at: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodb.2023.06.04.V1 or https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.11.2023.06.04.V1.

1 Introduction

Birds are the largest group of terrestrial vertebrates, which are sensitive to environmental changes and become an important indicator species of environmental pollution levels[1]. Biodiversity monitoring is to provide information on the spatial and temporal changes of the monitored objects as the main objective, mainly reflecting the changes of biodiversity in a certain time and space scale, so biodiversity becomes one of the important indicators to assess the effectiveness of ecological conservation[2] . The strong spatial and temporal scale dependence and multi-level nature of biodiversity determine that the analysis of biodiversity status and variables requires comprehensive and continuous monitoring at multiple spatial scales in different ecosystems, thus building a biodiversity research and monitoring network are the foundation of biodiversity conservation and research[3] .

Qinghai Lake is located in the northeastern part of Qinghai province and the edge of the first step in China and is the largest inland saltwater lake on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China; it is also located at the junction of the eastern monsoon region, the western arid and semi-arid region and the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibet, and its precipitation is concentrated in summer, with thin cloud cover, sufficient sunshine, strong solar radiation and large daily difference in temperature. In this case, waterfowl monitoring and observation sample sites in Qinghai Lake basin were monitored and surveyed in accordance with the spatial and geographical distribution characteristics of waterfowl in Qinghai Lake, referred to the waterfowl monitoring sample sites of Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Management Machine with the monitoring time of August of 2021 and 2022, so as to form the waterfowl monitoring dataset for the late breeding period of 2021?C2022 in Qinghai Lake basin finally.

2 Metadata of the Dataset

The metadata of the Qinghai Lake basin waterbird monitoring dataset (2021?C2022)[4] is summarized in Table 1. It includes the dataset full name, short name, authors, year of the dataset, data format, data size, data files, data publisher, and data sharing policy, etc.

 

Table 1  Metadata summary of Qinghai Lake basin waterbird monitoring dataset (2021-2022)

 

Items

Description

Dataset full name

Qinghai Lake basin waterbird monitoring dataset (2021?C2022)

 

Dataset short name

QinghaiLakeWaterBirds2021-2022

 

Authors

Li, X. Y., Qinghai Normal University, lixingyue0102@163.com

 

 

Sun, J. Q., Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration, sunjq@163.com

 

 

Chen,Y. R., Qinghai Normal University, 2776246502@qq.com

 

 

Chen, K. L., Qinghai Normal University, ckl7813@163.com

 

Geographical area

Qinghai Lake basin

 

Year

2021, 2022

 

Data Format

.xlsx, .shp, .jpg,.docx

 

Data size

19.4 MB

 

Data files

Waterfowl monitoring species, number, distribution location;Basic information on waterfowl monitoring areas; assessment of dominant species of waterfowl

 

Foundations

Science and Technology Department of Qinghai Province (2022-QY-204); Ministry of Science and Technology of P. R. China (2019QZKK0405)

 

Data publisher

Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository, http://www.geodoi.ac.cn

 

Address

No. 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China

 

Data sharing policy

Data from the Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository includes metadata, datasets (in the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository), and publications (in the Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery). Data sharing policy includes: (1) Data are openly available and can be free downloaded via the Internet; (2) End users are encouraged to use Data subject to citation; (3) Users, who are by definition also value-added service providers, are welcome to redistribute Data subject to written permission from the GCdataPR Editorial Office and the issuance of a Data redistribution license; and (4) If Data are used to compile new datasets, the ??ten per cent principal?? should be followed such that Data records utilized should not surpass 10% of the new dataset contents, while sources should be clearly noted in suitable places in the new dataset[5]

 

Communication and searchable system

DOI, CSTR, Crossref, DCI, CSCD, CNKI, SciEngine, WDS/ISC, GEOSS

 

3 Data Monitoring Methods and Results

Waterbirds are groups of birds whose life histories are more or less ecologically linked to bodies of water[6]. As a higher taxon unique to wetlands, waterbird is one of the important components of wetland ecosystems and an indicator species characterizing changes in wetland quality[7, 8]. According to the distribution characteristics of waterbirds breeding and roosting in Qinghai Lake basin, the direct counting method was used to investigate the population size of birds at the waterbirds monitoring sample sites in the basin, and the types of waterbirds in the observation area were clearly identified and counted by monocular and double-pass binoculars and telephoto cameras, and photographs of birds and their habitats were taken..According to the habitat type, the monitoring area is mainly divided into: estuary wetland, swamp meadow, farmland, freshwater lake, river wetland, river manzanita, peninsula, island, etc.

Qinghai Lake is the largest inland saltwater lake in China and is a breeding and stopover site for many waterfowl along the Central Asia-India migration route[9]. The specific monitoring sample sites are Heima River wetland, Jiangxigou, Xiaohong Lake, Erhai Lake, Daotang River wetland, Xiaobohu wetland, Naren wetland, Haergai estuary, Dalian Lake, Ganzihe wetland, Ganzihe estuary, Sha Dao, Shaliuhe estuary, Xiannvwan wetland, Quanji estuary, Wu Shi Da Lai, Ha Da Tan, Cormorant island, Buha River, Sheng River estuary, Tie Bu Jia wetland, Quanwan wetland, Ga Ri La, Egg island, Haixin Mountain and San Kuai Shi (Figure 1). Egg island monitoring has been added compared to 2021.

 

 

Figure 1  Distribution of waterbird monitoring sample sites in Qinghai Lake basin (2022)

 

In the late stage of water bird breeding monitoring in 2021, 46 species of birds were recorded, with a total of 40,018 birds; among them, 9,138 Phalacrocorax carbo ranked first among all birds, accounting for 22.84% of the total number of birds. The habitat type of Sha Dao is freshwater lakes, where Phalacrocorax carbo accounted for 40.32% of the total number of Phalacrocorax carbo; 8,974 Netta rufina ranked second among all birds, accounting for 22.42% of the total number of Netta rufina. The habitat type of Shaliuhe estuary is estuarine wetlands, where Netta rufina accounted for 55.72% of the total; Anser indicus, 7,627 birds, ranked third among all birds, accounting for 19.06% of the total. The habit type of Ha Da Tan is river manzanita, where Anser indicus accounted for 47.65% of the total number of Anser indicus; eight bird species containing Phalacrocorax carbo, Netta rufina, Anser indicus, Tadorna ferruginea, Aythya ferina, Larus ichthyaetus, Podiceps cristatus, and Fulica atra are all over 1,000. The habitat types are mostly estuarine wetlands, river manzanita, freshwater lakes, accounting for 90.66% of the total. Vanellus vanellus, Tringa glareola, Anas clypeata, Calidris temminckii, Tringa nebularia, Tringa guttifer, Bucephala clangula, and Nycticorax nycticorax were all found only once.

In 2022, 44 species of waterbirds were recorded in the late stage of waterbird breeding monitoring, with a total of 148,697 birds, with an increase of 108,679 compared with last year; the 44 species of waterbirds included one national-level waterbird and four national-level two waterbirds, as well as one species of vulnerable waterbirds and six species of near-threatened waterbirds. The total number of waterbirds in Naren wetland, Shaliuhe estuary, Quanwan wetland, Tie Bu Jia wetland and Buha River all exceeded 10,000; among them, 61,265 Netta rufina ranked first in waterbirds, 20,034 Tadorna ferruginea ranked second in waterbirds, and 12,664 Anser indicus ranked third in waterbirds.

Netta rufina are mostly found in swamp meadow, herbaceous swamp and estuarine wetlands such as Naren wetland, Shaliuhe estuary, Ga Ri La, Quanwan wetland, Tie Bu Jia wetland, Sheng River estuary, Buha River, etc. Tadorna ferruginea are mostly found in swamp meadow, estuarine wetlands and lakeshore peninsula, such as Xiaohong Lake, Naren wetland, Shaliuhe estuary, Quanji estuary, Tie Bu Jia wetland, Cormorant island and Buha River, etc. Anser indicus are mostly found in herbaceous swamp and estuarine wetlands such as Shaliuhe estuary, Ha Da Tan, Heima River wetland, Quanwan wetland, Sheng River estuary.

Compared with last year, a total of 11 species of waterfowl decreased, including Tringa nebularia, Egretta garzetta Linnaeus, Chlidonias leucopterus,Bubulcus ibis, Platalea leucorodia, Northern Shoveler, Nycticorax nycticorax, Bucephala clangula, Larus canus and brown-headed duck, and 10 species of waterbirds, including Anas strepera, Anas penelope, Anas crecca crecca Linnaeus, Anas acuta, Grus grus, Charadrius leschenaultii, Calidris canutus, Tringa stagnatilis, Numenius arquata and Arenaria interpres, of which the Grus grus and Arenaria interpres are class 2 waterbirds and Calidris canutus is Near-threatened species. Among the new waterfowl, the Anseriformes and Charadriiformes belong to wetland waterfowl species, and some of the cranes belong to wetland waterfowl species, and are basically wandering birds, which are adapted to swimming and diving for food in the water; most of the wandering birds have migratory behavior, and most of them breed in the north, gathering in the fall to move south to warmer waters, and then returning to the northern breeding grounds in the spring of the following year.

The distribution of birds in Qinghai Lake is closely related to the distribution of food resources, and both the wetlands around the lake and the estuary are areas where birds are concentrated[10]. Table 2 shows the basic information of waterfowl habitat in late breeding season in 2021?C2022. Table 3 shows the information of dominant species of waterfowl in 2022, and Figure 2 shows the photograph of waterfowl in field monitoring in 2022.

The dominant species was determined based on the number of individual birds as a percentage of the total number of individuals (Pi )[11] (see Table 4 for details):

                                 (1)

where, Ni is the number of individuals of the ith species; N is the total number of individuals

 

Table 2  Information on late breeding habitat for waterfowl around the Qinghai Lake in 2021-2022

Serial number

Location

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Altitude (m)

Number of species

Total

Habitat type

1

Heima River Wetland

36.44??

 99.46??

3,206

12

 3,266

Herbaceous Swamp

2

Jiangxigou

36.37??

100.07??

3,215

 9

   254

Agricultural land

3

Xiaohong Lake

36.65??

100.35??

3,207

23

 6,807

Freshwater Lakes

4

Erhai Lake

36.54??

100.74??

3,157

20

 3,345

Freshwater Lakes

5

Daotang River Wetland

36.57??

100.75??

3,209

13

  794

Freshwater rivers

6

Xiaobohu Wetland

36.70??

100.79??

3,220

 6

   48

Herbaceous Swamp

7

Naren Wetland

37.20??

100.30??

3,209

21

30,226

Swamp Meadow

8

Haergai Estuary

37.09??

100.39??

3,204

16

  882

Estuarine Wetlands

9

Dalian Lake

37.07??

100.47??

3,214

16

  375

Freshwater Lakes

10

Ganzihe Wetland

37.06??

100.46??

3,211

14

  477

Estuarine Wetlands

11

Ganzihe Estuary

37.05??

100.45??

3,206

 9

   93

Estuarine Wetlands

12

Sha Dao

36.88??

100.66??

3,222

20

  726

Freshwater Lakes

13

Shaliuhe Estuary

37.25??

100.24??

3,208

24

24,688

Estuarine Wetlands

14

Xiannvwan Wetland

37.19??

100.11??

3,205

21

 1,223

Estuarine Wetlands

15

Quanji Estuary

37.22??

 99.87??

3,201

13

 3,514

Estuarine Wetlands

16

Wu Shi Da Lai

37.20??

 99.84??

3,211

 9

  214

Herbaceous Swamp

17

Ha Da Tan

37.12??

 99.73??

3,218

17

 3,547

River Manzanita

18

Cormorant Island

36.99??

 99.86??

3,205

13

 6,342

Lakeshore Peninsula

19

Buha River

36.97??

 99.81??

3,206

 6

 1,859

Estuarine Wetlands

20

Sheng River Estuary

36.97??

 99.76??

3,198

14

 7,241

Estuarine Wetlands

21

Tie Bu Jia Wetland

36.95??

 99.62??

3,214

19

13,604

Estuarine Wetlands

22

Quanwan Wetland

36.95??

 99.62??

3,214

14

15,275

Herbaceous Swamp

23

Ga Ri La

36.91??

 99.61??

3,213

11

 6,076

Swamp Meadow

24

Haixin Mountain

36.86??

100.14??

3,200

 2

  493

Islands in the Lake

25

San Kuai Shi

36.80??

 99.91??

3,200

 4

  918

Islands in the Lake

26

Egg Island

36.99??

 99.86??

3,200

 6

 1,859

Lakeshore Peninsula

 

Table 3  New waterfowl in Qinghai Lake in 2022

Waterfowl species name

Latin

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Anas strepera

Anas strepera

Chordata

Aves

Anseriformes

Anatidae

Anas penelope

Anas penelope

Chordata

Aves

Anseriformes

Anatidae

Anas crecca crecca Linnaeus

Anas crecca crecca Linnaeus

Chordata

Aves

Anseriformes

Anatidae

Anas acuta

Anas acuta

Chordata

Aves

Anseriformes

Anatidae

Grus grus

Grus grus

Chordata

Aves

Gruiformes

Gruidae

Charadrius leschenaultii

Charadrius leschenaultii

Chordata

Aves

Charadriiformes

Charadriidae

Calidris canutus

Calidris canutus

Chordata

Aves

Charadriiformes

Scolopacidae

Tringa stagnatilis

Tringa stagnatilis

Chordata

Aves

Charadriiformes

Scolopacidae

Numenius arquata

Numenius arquata

Chordata

Aves

Charadriiformes

Scolopacidae

Arenaria interpres

Arenaria interpres

Chordata

Aves

Charadriiformes

Scolopacidae

 

of all species in the community; Pi ??10% was designated as the dominant species; 1% ?? Pi <10% as the common species; 0.1% ?? Pi <1% as the rare species; and Pi <0.1% as the rare species.

As shown in the table below, there are 3 dominant species, 9 common species, 11 rare species and 22 very rare species in2021 and 2 dominant species, 8 common species, 11 rare species and 23 very rare species in 2022.

Anser indicus

Anser indicus

Cygnus cygnus

????????

Vanellus vanellus

??????

Grus nigricollis

????????

Aythya fuligula

 

Figure 2  Field monitoring waterfowl photography in 2022 (Photographed in August 2022)

 

Table 4  Assessment of dominant species of waterbirds around the Qinghai Lake

Serial number

Waterfowl species name

Quantity

Dominant species/common species/rare
species/rare species

2021

2022

2021

2022

1

Podiceps nigricollis

   68

 107

Rare species

Very rare species

2

Podiceps cristatus

1,312

7,339

Common species

Common species

3

Podiceps auritus

   2

   4

Very rare species

Very rare species

4

Phalacrocorax carbo

9,138

9,633

Dominant species

Common species

5

Ardea cinerea

  64

  72

Rare species

Very rare species

6

Egretta garzetta Linnaeus

   8

   0

Very rare species

0

7

Ardea alba

  10

  23

Very rare species

Very rare species

8

Nycticorax nycticorax

   1

   0

Very rare species

0

9

Bubulcus ibis

   2

   0

Very rare species

0

10

Platalea leucorodia

   4

   0

Very rare species

0

11

Cygnus cygnus

  10

  15

Very rare species

Very rare species

12

Anser anser anser

  47

 291

Rare species

Rare species

13

Anser indicus

7,627

12,664

Dominant species

Common species

14

Tadorna ferruginea

3,751

20,034

Common species

Dominant species

15

Tadorna tadorna

   2

  14

Very rare specie

Very rare specie

16

Anas strepera

   0

  46

0

Very rare specie

17

Anas penelope

   0

 717

0

Rare species

18

Anas crecca crecca Linnaeus

   0

 944

0

Rare species

19

Anas platyrhynchos

  44

  17

Rare species

Very rare specie

20

Anas acuta

   0

 677

0

Rare species

21

Bucephala clangula

   1

   0

Very rare specie

0

22

Anas luzonica

  11

   0

Very rare specie

0

23

Anas clypeata

   1

   0

Very rare specie

0

24

Netta rufina

8,974

61,265

Dominant species

Dominant species

25

Aythya ferina

2,974

12,088

Common species

Common species

(To be continued on the next page)

 

(Continued)

Serial number

Waterfowl species name

Quantity

Dominant species/common species/rare
species/ very rare species

2021

2022

2021

2022

26

Mergus merganser

 200

   11

Rare species

Very rare species

27

Aythya nyroca

   5

   58

Very rare species

Very rare species

28

Aythya fuligula

 139

6,244

Rare species

Common species

29

Grus grus

   0

    1

0

Very rare species

30

Grus nigricollis

  89

   80

Rare species

Very rare species

31

Fulica atra

1,104

6,219

Common species

Common species

32

Himantopus himantopus

 404

  823

Common species

Rare species

33

Recurvirostra avosetta

  67

   95

Rare species

Very rare species

34

Vanellus vanellus

   1

   5

Very rare species

Very rare species

35

Pluvialis dominica

   3

   2

Very rare species

Very rare species

36

Charadrius alexandrinus

  47

 338

Rare species

Rare species

37

Charadrius mongolus

   6

  15

Very rare species

Very rare species

38

Charadrius leschenaultii

   0

   2

0

Very rare species

39

Limosa limosa

 698

 615

Common species

Rare species

40

Tringa totanus

 256

1,388

Rare species

Rare species

41

Calidris canutus

   0

  12

0

Very rare species

42

Tringa stagnatilis

   0

   5

0

Very rare species

43

Tringaerythropus

   4

   1

Very rare species

Very rare species

44

Calidris ferruginea

  30

  14

Very rare species

Very rare species

45

Numenius arquata

   0

 197

0

Rare species

46

Tringa glareola

   1

 153

Very rare species

Rare species

47

Arenaria interpres

   0

   1

0

Very rare species

48

Tringa guttifer

   1

   0

Very rare species

0

49

Tringa nebularia

   1

   0

Very rare species

0

50

Calidris temminckii

   1

  66

Very rare species

Very rare species

51

Larus ichthyaetus

1,399

3,134

Common species

Common species

52

Brown headed Gull

 910

2,806

Common species

Common species

53

Sterna hirundo

 111

 457

Rare species

Rare species

54

Chlidonias leucopterus

  32

   0

Very rare species

0

55

Larus canus

 458

   0

Common species

0

 

5 Summary

Birds are better indicator biota[12] , and exogenous factors such as global warming, wetland loss and degradation have adversely affected waterbirds that depend on wetland ecosystems[13]. Through waterbird monitoring, we can further study waterbird breeding in Qinghai Lake basin in depth, comprehensively grasp waterbird species, number and distribution in Qinghai Lake basin, provide data support for the national biodiversity monitoring of waterbirds by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, and provide significant guidance for Qinghai Lake. It also has a significant guiding role in the ecological protection of the Qinghai Lake basin. At the same time, the observation of waterfowl breeding is also conducive to raising human awareness of the importance of biodiversity conservation, which is a condition for human survival, a strategic resource for sustainable socio-economic development, and an important guarantee for ecological security and food security[14]. In addition, we should strengthen the protection and conservation of biodiversity in inland waters, incorporate waterfowl habitats and wetlands into the scope of protection, and improve systematic protection. This study also needs to continue the long-term monitoring of waterbirds in the basin to ensure better and more scientific data.

 

Author Contributions

Li, X. Y., Chen,Y. R. and Chen,K. L. did the overall design of the dataset development; Li, X. Y., Sun, J. Q. and Chen,Y. R. collected and processed all the data; Li, X. Y. wrote the data paper, etc.

 

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]      Yan, X. J. Diversity of waterbirds in Baijiao Lake wetland of Qiqihar [D]. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2022.

[2]      Zhi, Y. J., Yi, J. F., Liu, W., et al. Monitoring of wintering waterbirds in the Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve of Poyang Lake [J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2020, 39(7): 2400‒2407.

[3]      Wu, H., Xu, X. H., Feng, X. J., et al. Progress and prospects of China biodiversity monitoring from a global perspective [J]. Biodiversity Science, 2022, 30(10): 196‒210.

[4]      Li, X. Y., Sun, J. Q., Cheng, Y. R., et al. Monitoring dataset on waterbirds in Qinghai Lake basin (2021?C2022) [J/DB/OL]. Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery, 2023. https://doi.org/ 10.3974/geodb.2023.06.04.V1. https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.11.2023.06.04.V1.

[5]      GCdataPR Editorial Office. GCdataPR data sharing policy [OL]. https://doi.org/10.3974/dp.policy.2014.05 (Updated 2017)..

[6]      La, D., Ci, R., Ba, S., et al. Preliminary report on waterbird resources in Lhalu Wetland National Nature Reserve [J]. Tibet Science and Technology, 2009, 195(6): 1719, 30.

[7]      Zhang, S. X., Dong, Y. X., Xia ,F. Significance of waterbird monitoring in lake ecosystems [J]. Journal of Lake Science, 2011, 23(2): 155162.

[8]      Delany, S. Guidelines for participants in the International Waterbird Census (IWC) [J]. Wetlands International, 2005, 1: 115.

[9]      Zhang, F. Y., Yang, R. L. Bird Migration in China [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1997: 101196.

[10]   Hou, Y. S., He, Y. B., Xing, Z., et al. Distribution and diversity of waterfowl population in Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve [J]. Zoological Systematics, 2009, 34(1): 184187.

[11]   Howes, J., Bakewell, D. Shorebird Studies Manual [M]. Kuala Lumpur: Asian Wetland Bureau, 1989.

[12]   Xu, H. G., Cui, P., Zhu, X. J., et al. Progress in construction of China bird diversity observation network (China BON-Birds) [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2018, 34(1): 111.

[13]   Wang, K. X. Study on population dynamics and key habitat drivers of six typical waterfowl species in Chenhu Wetland Nature Reserve [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2022. DOI: 10.27158/d.cnki.ghznu.2022.000731.

[14]   Liu, J. K. Biodiversity uses of biodiversity and bioeconomy [J]. Journal of Yunnan Minzu University, 2010, 19(2): 7982.

Co-Sponsors
Superintend