Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery2023.7(3):233-241

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Citation:Fan, J. L., Liu, C., Wu, J. J., et al.Analysis on the Eighth Iteration of GEO Work Programme (2023-2025)[J]. Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery,2023.7(3):233-241 .DOI: 10.3974/geodp.2023.03.01 .

Analysis on the Eighth Iteration of GEO Work Programme (2023-2025)

Fan, J. L1.  Liu, C.2 *  Wu, J. J. 3  Liu, Y. H.4  Li, L. M.2

1. National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China;

2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;

3. Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China;

4. Aerospace Hongtu Information Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089, China

 

Abstract: The Secretary of Group of Earth Observation (GEO) released the third version of GEO work program 2023?C2025 in December 2022. This is the eighth iteration of GEO work program since GEO was established in 2005. Five action lines were listed at the GEO work program 2023?C2025, they were 5 flagships, 19 initiatives, 20 pilot initiatives, 4 regional GEOs and one foundational task. Based on the statistics, the authors indicated that there were 46 countries contributed to the flagships, in which, USA and Australia contributed in all the five, China contributed in 3,  Germany contributed in 4. Among the 19 Initiatives, USA contributed in 14, about 78% of total, China contributed in 6. There were 47 countries contributed in 20 pilot initiatives, China in 9 just behand USA in 10. The article analyzed the work program impacts, indicated that the most value of earth observation lies in its long-term and continuous nature; the content diversity of earth observation is another unique impact for earth science and society, the international joint actions and cooperations are the key to make the program success. The authors believe GEO Working Plan 2023?C2025 is GEO new milestone with its unique vision, goals, and objectives. Of course, there is also an imbalance in the layout and development of the work plan, mainly manifested in the existence of a large amount of earth observation data and the wide application of these data. Accelerating the processing and analysis of Earth observation data, promoting the widespread application of data, and achieving greater ecological, social, and economic benefits with new technology of artificial intelligent should be a special concern in the next stage of GEO work plan.

Keywords: GEO; Eighth Iteration; work programme; 2023-2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2023.03.01

CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2023.03.01

1 Introduction

Since Group of Earth Observation (GEO) was established in 2005, two decadal programs were made. The first one from 2005 to 2015 was focused on the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) which was for enhancing international data sharing and interoperability of earth observation. The second one from 2016 to 2025 was focused on the GEO services through the implementation mechanisms, including flagships, initiatives, foundational task, regional GEOs and a series of activities. Not only decadal programs, the iterations in each programs were identified. The Eighth Iteration of GEO Work Programme (2023-2025) is the update one in the two decadal programs. The GEO secretary released the third version of the eighth iteration of the GEO Work Programme 2023?C2025 (??GEO Work Plan?? for short) in December 2022[1]. According to the GEO Work Plan, flagships, initiatives, pilot initiatives, regional task and foundational action were identified.

2 Action Lines

Five action lines were described in the GEO Work Plan 2023?C2025. They are: five flagships, 19 initiatives, 20 pilot initiatives, 4 regional GEOs and one foundational action.

2.1 Action Line 1: Flagships

There are five GEO flagships in the GEO Work Plan 2023?C2025, they are: GEO Biodiversity Observation Network, GEO Global Agricultural Monitoring, Global Forest Observations Initiative, Global Observation System for Mercury and GEO Land Degradation Neutrality. The national members and participating organizations of contributors for these flagships are listed in Table 1.

 

Table 1  List of flagships of the GEO Working Plan 2023?C2025:

Code

Title

Short name

Contributors

F1

GEO Biodiversity Observation Network[2,3]

GEO-BON

Australia, Canada, Colombia, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, USA; ITC, and ESA

F2

GEO Global Agricultural Monitoring[4]

GEOGLAM

Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, European Commission, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Philippines, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, USA, Uruguay, Vietnam, Zimbabwe; ESA, FAO, IIASA, ITC, RCMRD, WFP, and WMO

F3

Global Forest Observations Initiative[5]

GFOI

Australia, Germany, Japan, Norway, Spain, UK, USA; CEOS, ESA, FAO, and The World Bank

F4

Global Observation System for Mercury[6]

GOS4M

Argentina, Australia, China, Cote d??Ivoire, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Russia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, USA, Italy

F5

GEO Land Degradation Neutrality[7]

GEO-LDN

Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, China, Denmark, European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Netherlands, Mexico, Poland, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, USA; ISESTEL, AARSE, CI, UNCCD, FAO, EEA, EARSC, CEOS, and ESA

2.2 Action Line 2: Initiatives

There are 19 initiatives in the GEO working program 2023?C2025 they are??AquaWatch, Data Integration and Analysis System, Digital Earth Africa, Earth Observations for Ecosystem Accounting, Earth Observations for Health, Earth Observations for Disaster Risk Management, Earth Observations for the Sustainable Development Goals, GEO Blue Planet, GEO Capacity Building in North Africa, Middle East, Balkans and Black Sea Region, GEO Global Water Sustainability, GEO Human Planet, GEO Vision for Energy, GEO Wetlands, Geohazard Supersites and Natural Laboratories, Global Drought Information System, Global Network for Observations and Information in Mountain Environments, Global Observation System for Persistent Organic Pollutants, Global Urban Observation and Information, Global Wildfire Information System. The national members and participating organizations of contributors for these initiatives are listed in Table 2.

 

Table 2  list of initiatives of the GEO Working Plan 2023?C2025

Code

Title

Short name

Contributors

I1

AquaWatch[8]

AQYAWATCH

Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Germany, Ghana, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK, USA,

I2

Data Integration and Analysis System[9]

DIAS

Indonesia, Japan, Philippines

I3

Digital Earth Africa[10]

DE-AFRICA

Australia, Ghana, and South Africa; OSS, AGRHYMET, GPSDD

I4

Earth Observations for Ecosystem Accounting[11]

EO4EA

Canada, European Commission, Mexico, Netherlands, USA; ESA, FAO, The World Bank, CI, EEA. ESRI

I5

Earth Observations for Health[12]

EO4HEALTH

Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, South Africa, UK, USA, WHO, WMO, RCMRD, SICA/CCAD

I6

Earth Observations for Disaster Risk Management[13]

EO4DRM

Argentina, Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Switzerland, USA; ESA, FAO, CEOS

I7

Earth Observations for the Sustainable Development Goals[14]

EO4SDG

Australia, China, Costa Rica, European Commission, Germany, Greece, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Namibia, Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, UK, USA; UNCCD, WDS, EARSC, ESA, i-BEC, IEEE, IIASA, UNOOSA, WHO, UNITAR, CEOS, AGRHYMET

I8

GEO Blue Planet[15]

GEO-BLUE-PLANET

France, European Commission, Ghana, USA; IEEE, IOC, POGO

I9

GEO Capacity Building in North Africa, Middle East, Balkans and Black Sea Region

GEO-CRADLE

Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Spain, Ukraine

I10

GEO Global Water Sustainability[16]

GEOGLOWS

European Commission, France, Japan, Switzerland, USA; RCMRD, CI, The World Bank, WMO

I11

GEO Human Planet[17]

HUMAN-PLANET

China, European Commission, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Netherlands, UK, USA; EU SatCen

I12

GEO Vision for Energy[18]

GEO-VENER

Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Switzerland, USA; ESA

I13

GEO Wetlands[19]

GEO-WETLANDS

Australia, Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK, USA; IWMI, ESA, CI

I14

Geohazard Supersites and Natural Laboratories[20]

GSNL

Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Ecuador, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, USA; CEOS, EPOS

I15

Global Drought Information System[21]

GDIS

Australia, Austria, Brazil, European Commission, Korea, Paraguay, Slovenia, USA; ECMWF, WMO

I16

Global Network for Observations and Information in Mountain Environments[22]

GEO-MOUNTAINS

Austria, European Commission, Italy, Switzerland, UK, USA; MRI, ICIMOD

I17

Global Observation System for Persistent Organic Pollutants[23]

GOS4POPs

Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, China, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Morocco, Norway, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay,

I18

Global Urban Observation and Information[24]

GUOI

Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Greece, India, Japan, Pakistan, Spain, USA; GRSS

I19

Global Wildfire Information System[25]

GWIS

Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Commission, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, UK, USA, Zimbabwe; ECMWF, ESA, FAO

 

2.3 Action Line 3: Pilot Initiatives

There are 20 pilot initiatives in the GEO work plan 2023?C2025, including two catalogues, one is the community activities accepted as pilot initiatives, and the other one is new pilot initiatives.

2.3.1 Pilot Initiatives

There are 15 communities accepted as pilot initiatives. The titles, GEO members and participating organizations of contributors for these pilot initiatives are listed in Table 3.

 

2.3.2 New Proposals of Pilot Initiatives

There are five new proposals of pilot initiatives. The titles, GEO members and participating organizations of contributors for these pilot initiatives are listed in Table 4.

 

Table 3  List of community activities accepted as pilot initiatives of the GEO Working Plan 2023?C2025

Code

Title

Short name

Contributors

CP1

ArcticGEOSS[26]

ARCTIC-GEOSS

Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK, USA; SAON

CP-2

Digital Earth Pacific[27]

DE-PACIFIC

Australia, Tonga, USA; SPC, CEOS, WFP

CP-3

Earth Observations for multi-scale monitoring of mining impacts[28]

EO4MIN

China, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Pakistan, Portugal, Switzerland; UN Environment, EuroGeoSurveys

CP-4

Earth Observations for the Water-Energy-Food Nexus[29]

EO4WEF

China, Norway, Sweden, USA

CP-5

Forest Biomass Reference System from Tree-by-Tree Inventory Data[30]

GEO-TREES

Austria, Brazil, France, Germany, UK, USA; ESA, IIASA

CP-6

GEO Citizen Science[31]

GEO-CITSCI

Australia, Austria, European Commission, Greece, European Commission, Norway, Spain, UK, USA; IHE, IIASA, RCMRD

CP-7

GEO Essential Variables[32]

GEO-EV

Belgium, Spain, Switzerland, USA

CP-8

Geodesy for the Sendai Framework[33]

GEODESY4SENDAI

Australia, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tonga, USA; IAG, IUGG

CP-9

Global Ecosystems and Environment Observation Analysis Research Cooperation[34]

GEOARC

Australia, China, Israel, Russia

CP-10

Global Vegetation Pest and Disease Dynamic Remote Sensing Monitoring and Forecasting[35]

GEO-PDRS

China, Italy, Pakistan, UK; FAO, GBIF, CABI

CP-11

In-Situ Observations and Applications for Ecosystem Status of China and Central Asia[36, 37]

IN-SITU-ESC

China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan; UNEP

CP-12

Night-Time Light Remote Sensing for Sustainable Development Goals[38]

NIGHT-LIGHT

China, Uzbekistan; UNITAR

CP-13

Open Earth Alliance

OEA

USA

CP-14

Space and Security

SPACE-SECURITY

Germany; ESA, EuroGeoSurveys, IHE, WFP, EUSatCen

CP-15

Urban Heritage Climate Observatory[39]

UHCO

Austria, Canada, Sebruce, Ecuador, France, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, South Africa, Spain, UK, USA; Eurisy, MKF, UNU-EHS, ECMWF, ACCREC

 

Table 4  List of new proposals of pilot initiatives of the GEO Working Plan 2023?C2025

Code

Title

Short name

Contributors

NP-1

Antarctic Ice Sheet Monitoring

AIS-MONITORING

Australia, Belgium, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, UK, USA

NP-2

Earth Observations for Global Typical Karst

EO4KARST

Brazil, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Serbia, Slovenia, South Africa, Thailand, Zimbabwe; International Research Centre on Karst under the auspices of UNESCO

NP-3

GEO Cold Regions Initiative

GEOCRI

Canada, China, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, USA

NP-4

Global Geochemical Observation Network and Digital Chemical Earth

CHEMICAL-EARTH

Argentina, Brazil, Cambodia, China, Colombia, Ireland, Mongolia, Peru, Russia, Thailand, Turkey; ICGG

NP-5

Global Products of Common Essential Variables from Multiple Satellite Data

GEO-EV-PRODUCTS

Australia, China, EU, France, Spain, UK, USA

2.4 Regional GEOs

According to the regions of the world, there were four regional GEOs, they are: African Group on Earth Observations, Americas Group on Earth Observations, Asia-Oceania Group on Earth Observations and European Group on Earth Observations. The contributors of each of the regional GEOs are listed in Table 5.

 

Table 5  GEO Working Plan 2023?C2025: list of regional GEOs

Code

Title

Short name

Contributors

R1

African Group on Earth Observations

AFRIGEO

Congo, Egypt, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe; RCMRD, ASREN, COMIFAC, EIS-AFRICA, OSS, UNECA, ARCSSTE-E, AGRHYMET; Swaziland

R2

Americas Group on Earth Observations

AMERIGEO

USA, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua; SICA/CCAD, CLARA, ESRI

R3

Asia-Oceania Group on Earth Observations

AOGEO

China, Australia, South Korea, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, USA, Philippines, Thailand, UK, Vietnam; FAO, IOC

R4

European Group on Earth Observations

EUROGEO

European Commission, European Caucus including European GEO Members and Participating Organizations

 

3 Statistics on Contributors of GEO members in GEO Work Plan 2023?C2025

3.1 Contributors in Flagships

There were 45 GEO members contributed to the GEO Flagships. They are: USA, Australia, Germany, China, Finland, South Africa, Japan, Italy, UK, Ukraine, Spain, EU, Norway, Mexico, Canada, Netherlands, Russia, Denmark, Poland, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Vietnam, Indonesia, India, Greece, Uruguay, Tunisia, Thailand, Slovenia, Senegal, Switzerland, Sweden, Morocco, Malaysia, Kenya, Côte d??Ivoire, Zimbabwe, Czech Republic, Ghana, Colombia, Philippines, Burkina Faso, Belgium, and Egypt.

Among them, the USA and Australia contributed in all 5 flagships, Germany contributed in 4 flagships, 8 countries including China contributed in 3, 9 countries including Brazil contributed in 2. China was missing out on GEO Biodiversity Observation Network and Global Forest Observations Initiative (Figure1).

3.2 Contributors in Initiatives

There were 52 countries listed in the contributors of the 19 GEO initiative, including USA, Greece, EU, Germany, Australia, UK, Switzerland, Japan, China, Canada, Spain, Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, South Africa, Mexico, France, Brazil, Austria, Ghana, Costa Rica, Denmark, Argentina, Indonesia, New Zealand, Slovenia, Portugal, Norway, Kenya, Belgium, Chile, India, Uruguay, Ukraine, Turkey, Cyprus, Namibia, Morocco, Bangladesh, Luxembourg, Cameron, Zimbabwe, Czech Republic, South Korea, Philippines, Ecuador, Russia, Iceland, Paraguay, Pakistan, Ireland, United Arab Emirates. Among them, the USA contributed in a maximum of 15 initiatives. Secondly, Greece contributed in 9 initiatives; the European Union, Germany, and Australia in 8 respectively. UK, Switzerland, and Japan each contributed in 7. China contributed in 6, about one-third of the total initiatives (Figure2).

3.3 Contributors in Pilot Initiatives

There were 48 countries to contribute 20 pilot initiatives, including USA, China, Germany, UK, Australia, France, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, Spain, Greece, Austria, Brazil, Canada, EU, Israel, Pakistan, Belgium, Russia, Finland, South Africa, Portugal, Japan, Sweden, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga, Argentina, Ireland, Denmark, Ecuador, Philippines, Colombia,

Figure 1  Statistics of GEO member contributing in two or more GEO flagships

 

Figure 2  Statistics of GEO member contributing in two or more GEO initatives

 

Figure 3  Statistics of GEO member contributing in two or more GEO pilot initiatives

Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Cambodia Czech Republic, Zimbabwe, Mongolia, Peru, Serbia, Cyprus, Slovenia, Turkey, Uzbekistan, New Zealand, India, Indonesia. Among them, USA and China were most active countries, who contributed in 12 pilot initiatives individually, and Germany in 8, UK in 7 separately (Figure3).

3.4 Contributors in Regional GEOs

Almost of all of GEO members joined the regional GEOs, since the regional GEO groups were more focused on the regional issues and thematic priorities which the region concerned. South Africa, USA, China, and European Commission played the coordinating roles at the African Group, Americas Group, Asia-Oceania Group and European Group.

3.5 Contributors in Foundational Task

The GEO foundational task was the most important task for GEO progresses. It covered five aspects, including GEO engagement priorities coordination; GEOSS data, information, and knowledge resources; GEOSS Infrastructure development; GEO work programme support; and GEO secretariat operations. The GEO foundational task was operated by GEO secretariat with collaborative teams from GEO communities.

4 Summary

GEO work plan 2023?C2025 is a joint, opening, and international program, engaged in multilateral cooperation, with over 70 GEO members. This includes the adoption of a multilateral cooperation mechanism in project implementation, and the leading countries and units of the project also reflect the characteristics of multilateralism. The member countries and organizations participating in the project further demonstrate the characteristics of multilateral participation and contribution. For example, the flagship project of GEOBLAM attracted contributors of 30 GEO members and 7 international organizations.

The most value of Earth Observation lies in its long-term and continuous nature. Although GEO work plan 2023?C2025 has launched at different year, however, adhering to long-term observation is a common characteristic. For example, the GEO Biodiversity Observation Network is a long-term plan that has undergone 15 years of multilateral cooperation framework.

The content diversity of earth observation is the most prominent characteristics of GEO work plan 2023?C2025. The content diversity of earth observation can be clustered into five catalogues:

(1) Global Observation Plan on earth factors, such as: GEO BON, GEOGLAM, GFOI, AQUAWATCH, GEO-BLUE-PLANET, GEOGLOWS, GOS4M, GEO-LDN, GEO-TREES, HUMAN-PLANET, GOS4POPs, CHEMICAL EARTH, GEO-VENER, GEO MOUNTAINS, EO4KARST, EO4MIN, UHCO, GUOI, GEO-WETLANDS.

(2) Observation plan for key areas, such as??DE-PACIFIC, DE-AFRICA, AIS-MONITORING, ARCTIC-GEOSS, GEOCRI, IN SITU-ESC.

(3) Earth observation program with a focus on natural disasters, such as: GSNL, GEODESY4SENDAI, EO4DRM, GEO-PDRS, GDIS, GWIS.

(4) Observation and analysis plan, such as??EO4SDG, NIGHT-LIGHT, EO4HEALT, DIAS, EO4EA, EO4WEF, GEOARC, GEO-EV-PRODUCTS, SPACE-SECURITY, SPACE- SECURITY.

(5) Development cooperation and capacity buildings, such as??OEA, GEO-CITSCI, and GEO capacity building.

The implementation of GEO work plan 2023?C2025 had focused on two levels: global and regional levels. The implementation of regional level was divided into two types. One is in four geographical regions: Africa GEO, Europe GEO, Asia Pacific GEO, and the Americas GEO. And the other one was by joint observation methods in crossing regions. For example: Antarctica, Arctic, cold regions, Central Asia, etc.

In summary, the GEO Working Plan 2023?C2025 is GEO new milestone plan with its unique vision, goals, and objectives. Not only, and a clear implementation roadmap is included. It is of great significance for the implementation of GEO??s second decade development strategy since GEO was established in 2005. Of course, there is also an imbalance in the layout and development of GEO??s 2023?C2025 implementation plan, mainly manifested in the existence of a large amount of Earth observation data and the wide application of these data. The imbalance between the two is a common problem in the current GEO project execution process. Accelerating the processing and analysis of Earth observation data, promoting the widespread application of data, and achieving greater ecological, social, and economic benefits with new technology of artificial intelligent should be a special concern in the next stage of GEO work plan.

 

Author Contributions

Fan, J. L. designed the framework of the paper. Wu, J. J., Liu, Y. H. and Li, L. M. collected and processed the statistical data of GEO. Liu, C. wrote the paper.

 

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

 

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