A Satellite-Based Dataset of Global Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration with a Spatial Resolution of 2?? ?? 2.5?? from 1992 to 2020

Hou, W. Y.¹  Jin, J. X. ^1,2*  Yan, T. ¹  Liu, Y.¹

1. College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210024, China;

2. National Earth System Science Data Center, National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China, Beijing 100101, China

Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is one of the main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It plays a crucial role in global climate change, of which temporal and spatial patterns have been paid great attention to. Taking CO₂ concentration as the research object, this study developed a global gridded dataset of monthly CO₂ concentration with a spatial resolution of 2?? ?? 2.5?? from 1992 to 2020. The time series of CO₂ concentration was simulated by an improved sinusoidal model, which was calibrated by the remotely-sensed product of tropospheric CO₂ concentration from 2002 to 2012 (AIR??3C2M 005), for each grid cell. Then, field-observed data of CO₂ concentration were adopted to evaluate the accuracy of our product. The results showed that: (1) the CO₂ concentration of our production was highly consistent with that observed at the stations. Especially, it performed well in the fitting (2002–2012: R² = 0.94, RMSE = 1.34 ppm), reconstruction (1992–2001: R² = 0.92, RMSE = 1.50 ppm) and prediction (2013–2019: R² = 0.93, RMSE = 1.58 ppm) of CO₂ concentration, respectively. (2) our data showed that the global atmospheric CO₂ concentration exhibited an obvious spatial heterogeneity. The high value regions of CO₂ concentration were mainly located in the northern of North America, while the low values dominated middle latitudes of the southern hemisphere.

Keywords: carbon dioxide; remote sensing; simulation; AIRS; global

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.20146.14.2022.02.04

CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2022.02.04

Dataset Availability Statement:

The dataset supporting this paper was published and is accessible through the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository at: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodb.2021.11.01.V1 or https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.11.2021.11.01.V1.

1 Introduction

With the global economy development, a great deal of fossil fuels has been used which leads to a significant increase in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. It has a great impact on the global climate, ecosystems and economic fields. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) states that CO₂ and methane are the main contributors to global warming (about 88%–90%)^[1]. As an important greenhouse gas, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO₂ has a significant heating effect on the ground^[2,3], which has attracted widespread attention from government departments and the scientific community. Exploring, retracing and predicting the changes of CO₂ concentration over the world are of great practical significance to adopt targeted policies and measures dealing with global climate change issues and achieving sustainable socio-economic developments.

Currently, there are three main ways to obtain CO₂ observations: ground-based, space-based and satellite remote sensing observations^[4]. Data from ground-based stations have a large time span and high accuracy, which can be used as a benchmark for satellite observations. Many scholars used single-site data to represent the global CO₂ concentrations, which performed well in the studies. However, given the spatial heterogeneity of CO₂ distribution, single-site data was insufficient to present the truth on a global scale. In addition, ground observation stations are set up in sparsely populated and complex terrain. There are defects, e.g., the difficult construction, high cost of maintenance, small coverage, uneven distribution. Moreover, many sites are needed to cooperatively explore the regional dynamic change of CO₂^[5,6]. Although CO₂ concentration can be measured with high accuracy, it had certain limitations for obtaining global CO₂ concentration data. Space-based exploration used aircraft or hot air balloons to make real-time high-altitude CO₂ concentration measurements in areas designated by the Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL)^[7,8]. Compared with site observations, CO₂ measurement data with a wider spatial coverage could be obtained through this method. However, due to the high cost of equipment and low timeliness, space-based detection could not acquire data continuously for a long time. Remote sensing uses diverse sensors on board satellites to acquire the spectral characteristics of atmospheric CO₂ which are radiated by the sun and reflected back into space through the ground. Tropospheric CO₂ observations with long-term, continuous, spatiotemporal consistency and high accuracy could be provided for continents and oceans^[9]. This view has been widely accepted by the academic community. Currently, the atmospheric data provided by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) have been adopted by many scholars in studies of atmospheric CO₂. With 2378 continuous infrared spectral channels (3.7–15.4 ??m), the AIRS receives accurate infrared spectral data of land, ocean and atmosphere, and provides many hyperspectral and high-precision data including parameters of temperature, humidity, clouds, surfaces, and CO₂^[10]. By comparing the AIRS data with the sounding observations, Divakarla et al. found that the relative error between land and sea did not exceed 10%^[11]. Since the process of transporting surface CO₂ to the atmospheric troposphere one takes a few time, the data of AIRS inversion lags behind the real CO₂ concentration. Satellite CO₂ data products were derived from the near-infrared spectrum, in which they were strongly disturbed by surface atmospheric aerosols. This results in that global CO₂ data inversion by AIRS have a high degree of confidence only in the middle and lower layers of the troposphere^[12]. It is urgent to develop a set of global-scale, longtime series, and high-precision CO₂ concentration data to support global change studies.

In these views, a new satellite-based dataset of global atmospheric CO₂ concentration was developed using an improved sinusoidal model in this study, including monthly and annual mean CO₂ concentration over the world. First, in order to ensure that satellite remote sensing data can accurately capture the concentration of tropospheric CO₂, the AIRS satellite remote sensing inversion data was validated by ground station observed data. Second, based on the improved sinusoidal model, the model was parameterized for each grid cell, and the global CO₂ simulation was carried out. The simulation results were evaluated by both site observations and satellite data, so that to provide reliable data of global CO₂ change.

2 Metadata of the Dataset

The metadata of the dataset ^[13] is summarized in Table 1. It includes the dataset full name, short name, authors, year of the dataset, temporal resolution, spatial resolution, data format, data size, data files, data publisher, and data sharing policy, etc.

Table 1  Metadata summary of the Global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration simulation grid dataset (1992‒2020)

3 Data Development Methodology

3.1 Data Sources

In this paper, the tropospheric CO₂ data product (AIRS ?? 3C2M005) jointly retrieved by AIRS and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) was used as the reference data to produce the global CO₂ concentration dataset. AIRS/AMSU/HSB (the Humidity Sounder for Brazil) is a set of advanced atmospheric vertical profile observation instruments from infrared to microwave band, which is used to measure atmospheric temperature and provide information of atmospheric water vapor distribution, data of cloud, sea, land temperature and atmospheric humidity^[15]. The adopted data was the third-level monthly average CO₂ data (version 5). The spatial coverage of the data is 60??S–90??N with a spatial resolution of 2?? ?? 2.5?? (latitude ?? longitude). The data was downloaded from the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In addition, the tropospheric CO₂ data product during 2010–2017 (AIRS3C2M 005) retrieved from AIRS was used to compare with the simulated data and site observations.

In our study, the AIRS remote sensing data and the products were evaluated by the monthly average CO₂ data of the stations. Seven sites were selected, namely Samoa (SMO), Mouna Loa (MLO), Variguan (WLG), Asserkrem (ASK), Niwot Ridge (NWR), Monte Cimone (CMN), and Plateau Rose (PRS) (Figure 1). The site data were obtained from the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG). The global monthly average CO₂ data was downloaded from the Global Monitoring Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA GML).

3.2 Algorithm Principle

The improved sinusoidal model^[15] proposed by the Carbon Cycle Team of NOAA GML was adopted in this study. The model can reduce the noise generated from the process of estimating the global value due to atmospheric variability at the weather scale and measurement time gap.

The weekly air sample data from the global air sampling network^[16] were used by Carbon Cycle Team of NOAA GML to calculate the global average surface value^[17–20]. The samples came from the marine boundary layer (MBL) with well atmospheric mixing. The data could be estimated directly without the atmospheric transmission model, which captures the global trend with low noise. Global CO₂ concentration showed an upward trend and fluctuated with season. So, NOAA GML stakeholders chose a combination of quadratic functions and sine and cosine functions to represent suitably smooth curves for the MBL data. The specific parameters of the model vary with the gas type, site, and sampling frequency^[15].The calculation formula is as follows:

                                       (1)

where t denotes time. The model contains three polynomial parameters a₁, a₂, a₃, and eight sine and cosine harmonic parameters b_2k-1 and b_2k (k = 1,2,3,4).

The model was applied to AIRS and AMSU satellite data products, and the consistency between the simulated data and satellite data was evaluated to ensure whether the model was also suitable. The AIRS and AMSU satellite data was input into the model, and the parameters were determined for each cell in the range of 60??S–88??N. Then, the simulation was performed to obtain the CO₂ concentration dataset pixel by pixel for this range. In order to analyze the interannual trend of CO₂ concentration from 1992 to 2020, the annual average growth trend of global CO₂ concentration was estimated by using Sen??s slope estimator. That is, the median slope of all lines of paired points was selected as the slope overall. This method could effectively calculate the change trend and reduce the uncertainty caused by outliers.

4 Data Results and Validation

4.1 Data description

The dataset mainly contents two subsets: (1) Global monthly mean CO₂ concentration dataset during 1992–2020, which includes 29 data files, named as CO2_{_}mon_****.nc. (2) Global annual mean CO₂ concentration dataset during 1992–2020, which includes 29 data files, named as CO2_{_}mean_****.nc.

4.2 Spatial and Temporal Variabilities of the CO₂ Concentration

The spatial distribution of the average CO₂ concentration data over the world from 1992 to 2020 is shown in Figure 1. Generally, the distribution of CO₂ exhibited an obvious spatial heterogeneity. The CO₂ concentration in the northern hemisphere was generally higher than that in the southern hemisphere. The areas with high CO₂ concentration were mainly distributed in northern North America, eastern Asia and low latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres, while the areas with low CO₂ concentration were mainly distributed in the middle and high latitudes of the southern hemisphere and parts of Siberia.

Figure 2 shows the global pattern of the interannual trend of annual average CO₂ concentration from 1992 to 2020. Global CO₂ concentration is increasing, but the growth rate shows spatial heterogeneity. Overall, the growth rate of CO₂ concentration in the northern hemisphere was faster than that in the southern hemisphere. The CO₂ concentration in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, such as Siberia and northern North America, was increasing rapidly. In contrast, the areas with a slower rate were mainly located in the northern South America, central Africa and the low latitudes of the southern and northern hemispheres.

Figure 1  Spatial distribution of the multi-year mean CO₂ concentration from 1992 to 2020

Figure 2  Spatial distribution of the trends in annual average CO₂ concentration from 1992 to 2020

4.3 Data Validation

4.3.1 Comparison of Fitting Results with Site Data

The simulation of CO₂ concentration in this study was compared with that from the seven stations from 1992 to 2019 (Figure 3). The result showed a significant linear relationship between them, indicating that the fitting results were well consistent with the concentration of CO₂ on the ground.

Performances of the proposed CO₂ concentration in this study were investi­gated in the reconstruction (1992‒2001), fitting (2002‒2012) and prediction (2013‒2019) phases, respectively, including correlation coefficient, root mean square error (RMSE) and average relative error between the observed and simulated data at the seven stations (Table 2–4). The results showed that this dataset was well consistent with the obs­e­rved CO₂ concentration on the gro­und in each phase. The error between the observed and simulated data in the fitting phase was the smallest, and RMSE was less than 5 ppm, which can well represent the ground CO₂ concentration.

4.3.2 Comparison of Fitting Results, Satellite Data and Station Data

Three datasets of CO₂ concentration, i.e., the simulated data of this study, the AIRS product (2010.01–2017.02) and the site observations, were further compared using correlation coefficient (r), RMSE, relative error and R² at the seven stations. The results showed that the consistency between our simulated data and the observed data was generally better than that between the AIRS data and the observed data, indicating our dataset can well represent the real CO₂ concentration.

Table 2  Comparison between the observed and simulated monthly average CO₂ concentration in the reconstruction phase (1992–2001)

Table 3  Comparison between the observed and simulated monthly average CO₂ concentration in the simulation phase (2002–2012)

Table 4 Comparison between the observed and simulated monthly average CO₂ concentration in the prediction phase (2013–2019)

5 Discussion and Summary

It was found that there may be a large deviation between the simulated and observed results. So, it is necessary to determine a starting point in order to ensure the good consistency between the backtracking results and the site observations. The growth trend of CO₂ in each region were generally consistent with that of the global average CO₂. Hence, the global average CO₂ (1980–2019) was used as the reference data. Since 1985, it had been calculated and compared as a segmentation point year by year. The time before and after the segmentation point was parameterized and simulated respectively, and then its results were compared consistently with the global average to ensure the highest accuracy. After inspection, when 1992 was taken as the segmentation point, the R² of the simulation was the highest (0.999,5) and RMSE was the lowest (0.451 ppm). Therefore, the year of 1992 was adopted as the starting year of this dataset.

The global tropospheric CO₂ concentration product jointly derived from AIRS and AMSU was used as reference data for parameter calibration of the improved sinusoidal estimation model and simulation of CO₂ concentration pixel by pixel. Then, field-observed data of CO₂ concentration were adopted to validate and evaluate the accuracy of our product. The dataset shows that the atmospheric CO₂ concentration exhibited an obvious spatial heterogeneity over the world. The high value regions of CO₂ concentration were mainly located in the middle and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, and the low values dominated low latitudes of the southern hemisphere. Comparing the dataset with the site observation data, it is found that the two sets of data performed well in backtracking, simulation and prediction phases, which can well represent the spatio-temporal distribution global CO₂ in a long time series. Compared with the original satellite remote sensing data, this dataset can be used to study the change of atmospheric CO₂ concentration in a longer time series. Furthermore, it can improve the limitation that single-site numerical value was used to represent global CO₂ concentration in modeling at a global scale, and provide data support for studies of geography, ecology and other disciplines.

Author Contributions

Jin, J. X. made an overall design of this study; Hou, W. Y. collected and processed the data, and wrote the paper. Yan, T. wrote the codes. Liu, Y. verified the data of the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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