References:
[1] Ruddiman, W. F. The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago [J]. Climatic Change, 2003, 61(3): 261-293.
     [2] Pielke Sr, R. A., Pitman, A., Niyogi, D., et al. Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and observational evidence [J]. Wiley Interdiscip Rev-Clim Chang, 2011, 2(6): 828-850.
     [3] Zhang, X., Wang, W. C., Fang, X., et al. Agriculture development-induced surface albedo changes and climatic implications across northeastern China [J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2012, 22(3): 264-277.
     [4] Crossman, N. D., Bryan, B. A., de Groot, R. S., et al. Land science contributions to ecosystem services [J]. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2013, 5(5): 509-514.
     [5] Gaillard, M. J., Morrison, K., Madella, M., et al. Past land-use and land-cover change: the challenge of quantification at the subcontinental to global scales [J]. Past Global Change Magazine, 2018, 26: 1-44.
     [6] Houghton, R., Hobbie, J., Metillo, J. Changes in the carbon content of terrestrial biota and soils between 1860 and 1980: a net release of CO2 to the atmosphere [J]. Ecological Monographs, 1983, 53(3): 235-262.
     [7] Ramankutty, N., Foley, J. A. Estimated historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992 [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1999, 13(4): 997-1027.
     [8] Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., Doelman, J., et al. Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene - HYDE 3.2 [J]. Earth System Science Data, 2017, 9(2): 927-953.
     [9] Pongratz, J., Reick, C., Raddatz, T., et al. A reconstruction of global agricultural areas and land cover for the last millennium [J]. Global biogeochemical cycles, 2008, 22: 16.
     [10] Hurtt, G., Chini, L., Frolking, S., et al. Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100: 600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting secondary lands [J]. Climatic Change, 2011, 109(1): 117-161.
     [11] Kaplan, J. O., Krumhardt, K. M., Ellis, E. C., et al. Holocene carbon emissions as a result of anthropogenic land cover change [J]. The Holocene, 2011, 21(5): 775-791.
     [12] Fang, X. Q., Ye, Y., Zhang, C. P., et al. Cropland cover change and its environmental impacts in the history of China [J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2019, 21(1): 160-173.
     [13] Ge, Q. S., Dai, J. H., He, F. N., et al. Change of the amount of cropland resource and analysis of driving forces in partial provinces in China during the past 300 years [J]. Progress in Natural Science, 2003, 13(8): 825-832.
     [14] Lin, S. S., Zheng, J. Y., He, F. N. The Approach for Gridding Data Derived from Historical Cropland Records of the Traditional Cultivated Region in China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(1): 83-92.
     [15] Ye, Y., Fang, X. Q., Ren, Y. Y., et al. Cropland cover change in Northeast China during the past 300 years [J]. Scientia Sinica Terrae, 2009, 39(3): 340-350.
     [16] Wei, X. Q., Ye, Y., Zhang, Q., et al. Reconstruction of cropland change over the past 300 years in the Jing-Jin-Ji area, China [J]. Regional Environmental Change, 2016, 1-13.
     [17] Bork, H.-R., Bork, H., Dalchow, C., et al. Landschaftsentwicklung in Mitteleuropa. Wirkungen des Menschen auf Landschaften [M]. Gotham: Klett, 1998.
     [18] Haase, D., Walz, U., Neubert, M., et al. Changes to Central European landscapes—Analysing historical maps to approach current environmental issues, examples from Saxony, Central Germany [J]. Land Use Policy, 2007, 24(1): 248-263.
     [19] Jansen, F., Zerbe, S., Succow, M. Changes in landscape naturalness derived from a historical land register—a case study from NE Germany [J]. Landscape Ecology, 2008, 24(2): 185-198.
     [20] Girel, J., Vautier, F., Peiry, J. L. Biodiversity and land use history of the Alpine Riparian landscapes (the example of the Isere River Valley, France) [M]//MANDER, ANTROP. Multifunctional Landscapes, Vol Iii: Continuity and Change.Southampton; Wit Press. 2003: 167-200.
     [21] Delile, H., Schmitt, L., Jacob-Rousseau, N., et al. Headwater valley response to climate and land use changes during the Little Ice Age in the Massif Central (Yzeron basin, France) [J]. Geomorphology, 2016, 257: 179-197.
     [22] Etter, A., McAlpine, C., Possingham, H. Historical Patterns and Drivers of Landscape Change in Colombia Since 1500: A Regionalized Spatial Approach [J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2008, 98(1): 2-23.
     [23] Stroyev, К. Х. Physical Geography of the USSR [M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1960.
     [24] Qu, C. H., Zhang, Z. X. Overview of agricultural development in Kazakhstan [J]. World Agriculture, 2014, 02: 145-148.
     [25] FAO. FAOSTAT[EB/OL]. 2001
     [2020-11-17]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/
     [26] Institute of Central Asian Studies of Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences. Compilation of Economic Statistics of the Five Soviet Central Asian Republics [M]. Urumqi: Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences, 1983.
     [27] Editorial Department of Statistics Press. Statistical Yearbook of the National Economy of the USSR 1956 [M]. Beijing: Statistics Press, 1957.
     [28] Li, R. F. Compilation of Soviet Agricultural Statistics [M]. Beijing: Agriculture Press, 1981.
     [29] Central Bureau of Statistics of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. Sixty Years of Soviet National Economy [M]. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 1979.
     [30] McEvedy, C., Jones, R.Atlas of World Population History [M]. Beijing: The Eastern Publishing, 1992.
     [31] Wu, H. W. Study of Population Issues in Central Asia [M]. Beijing: Minzu University of China Press, 2004.
     [32] Ivanov. P.P. Outline of Central Asia History [J]. Central Asia Series, 1983, 1:15-124.
     [33] Ma, D. Z., Feng, X. S.Outline History of Five Central Asian Countries [M]. Urumqi: Xinjiang Peoples’s Rublishing House, 2005.
     [34] Wang Z. L. General History of Central Asia(Volume of Ancient Ⅱ) [M]. Beijing: Peoples’s Rublishing House, 2010.
     [35] Wang Z. L. General History of Central Asia(Volume of Modern Times) [M]. Beijing: Peoples’s Rublishing House, 2010.
     [36] Lan, Q., Liu, R. M.History of Central Asia (Volume 3) [M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2018.
     [37] Lan, Q., Liu, G. History of Central Asia (Volume 4) [M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2018.
     [38] Lan, Q. History of Central Asia (Volume 5) [M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2018.
     [39] Adle, C., Habib, I. History of Civilizations of Central Asia (Volume 5: Development in contrast, from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century) [M]. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 2006.
     [40] Terentyev, M. A. History of the Conquest of Central Asia (Volume 3) [M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1986.
     [41] Wu, Z. X. A History of the Tsarist Russia Conquest of Central Asia [M]. Guiyang: Guizhou Educational Publishing House, 1996.
     [42] Zhang, B. G. Soviet Exploitation of Central Asia and Kazakhstan [M]. Urumqi: Xinjiang Peoples’s Rublishing House, 1989.
     [43] Meng, N. Study of the Policy of Russian Rule in Central Asia [M]. Urumqi: Xinjiang University Press, 2000.
     [44] Barthold, V. V., Brief History of Central Asia [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2005.
     [45] Juvaini. History of the World Conquer [M]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Peoples’s Rublishing House, 1980.
     [46] Barthold. V. V.Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 2011.
     [47] Grousset, R. The Empire of the Steppes [M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1999.
     [48] Abul-Ghazi, B. K. Turkic Lineage [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2005.
     [49] Zhang C. P., Ye Y., Fang X. Q. Global Cultivatable Land Suitability Dataset Based on Physical-geographic Factors [J/DB/OL]. Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository, 2022.
     [50] Zhang, C., Ye, Y., Fang, X., et al. Synergistic Modern Global 1 Km Cropland Dataset Derived from Multi-Sets of Land Cover Products [J]. Remote Sensing, 2019, 11(19): 2250.
     [51] Zhang, B. G. How Kazakhstan Was Turned into a Soviet Breadbasket [J]. World Agriculture, 1983, (03): 53-55.
     [52] Bregel, Y. An Historical Atlas of Central Asia [M]. Boston: Brill, 2003.
     [53] Wang Z. L. Modern History of Central Asia: 16-19 Century [M]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press, 1989.
     [54] Hu, Y. X. A preliminary study of the relations between the Khohan Khanate and the Kyrgyz in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries [J].Journal of Lanzhou University, 1991, 02: 54-61.
     [55] Chen, G. G. On the two Muslim statesmen of the West during the Mongol rule: Yalavachi and Maskhut [J]. North West Ethno-national Studies, 1995, 01: 137-145.
     [56] Li, Z. H. Agriculture in Central Asia: Reality and Future [J].Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Today, 1993, 03: 34-36.